APUSH Terms Fall Final 2014 Flashcards
Woolery (305 cards)
0
Q
Great Columbian/Biological Exchange
A
Trade between Europe and America of food, livestock, disease, and human beings
1
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American Indians/Native Americans
A
Original inhabitants of the Americas, conquered by Europeans due to destructive technology, disunity, growing European population, disease, and destruction of food supply
2
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Christopher Columbus
A
Began exploration of the Americas, exploitation of native/indigenous peoples, trans-Atlantic slave trade, and the Great Columbian/Biological Exchange
3
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Bartolomeo de las Casas
A
Wrote History of the Indies & A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies, came to America to convert Indians and horrified by cruelty of Indians
4
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Spanish empire
A
Provinces in North America used for gold and silver and conversion for Catholicism with the mission system
5
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French empire
A
Used North America for fur trade, conversion to Catholicism, and quest for the Northwest Passage
6
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English/British empire
A
Colonies in America had representative assemblies, mercantilism, some religious freedom, transplantations, and little initial attempt to convert Indians
7
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Jamestown
A
First permanent English settlement in North America (Virginia), John Smith ruled as dictator, saved by the cultivation of tobacco
8
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Indentured servitude
A
Poor people received free passage to America and worked under a company for 7-10 years, present in many colonies
9
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Plymouth colony
A
Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Compact as a consensual self government in this colony
10
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Mayflower Compact
A
An agreement to obey legitimate laws created by a diverse community and profession of allegiance to the king
11
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Chesapeake colonies
A
Maryland and Virginia, had a plantation economy with cheap labor (slaves) and less economic opportunity in tobacco and furs. Were Anglicans and had some educational developments
12
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Virginia colony
A
Established Anglicans, political tensions btwn the Tidewater and the Piedmont leading to Bacon’s Rebellion
13
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House of Burgesses
A
First representative assembly (self-government) in the Americas like the rights of Englishmen
14
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Bacon’s Rebellion
A
Conflict btwn older Virginians and indentured servants over land/voting rights/Indian policy led to this uprising against Jamestown colonial governement leading to reduction of taxes, increase in slavery, and more land from Indians
15
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Maryland colony
A
Had the Toleration Act which gave freedom of religion to all Christians to protect Catholics
16
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Toleration Act
A
Gave freedom of religion to all Christians to protect Catholics in Maryland
17
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New England colonies
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Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, More religiously intolerant (except RI), better education institutions, healthieest, most populous, most egalitarian, most commercial
18
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
A
Part of the Great Puritan Migration, practiced theocracy, “City upon a Hill”
19
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John Winthrop
A
called the Massachusetts Bay colony “City upon a Hill”
20
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“City upon a Hill”
A
Said by Winthrop, claims that Massachusetts Bay colony will be a model society for the world
21
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Anne Hutchinson
A
Disagreed with Massachusetts Church fathers in the importance of church leaders causing her to be expelled from the colony
22
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King Philip’s War
A
Aka Metacomet’s War, bloodiest war in colonial history; Colonists won bc more unified, New England Indians were eliminated
23
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Salem Witch Trials
A
result from social, religious, political, economic, and geographical tensions; many widows were targeted in New England colonies
24
Rhode Island colony
Roger Williams granted religious freedom here and established disestablishment, which encouraged more religious toleration in other colonies
25
Roger Williams
Left his original colony, his innovations have been a model of toleration and freedom since
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Disestablishment
separation of church and state, established first in Rhode Island by Roger Williams
27
Connecticut colony
Founded by Tomas Hooker and had the Fundamental Orders (first written constitution in the New World)
28
Fundamental Orders
First written constitution in the New World, practiced in Connecticut
29
Mid-Atlantic/Middle colonies
More diverse, tolerant, and had constructive relationships with Indians. NY had freedom of religion, PA had a more influential disestablishment
30
New Amsterdam
Dutch colony that became New York. Separated English colonies
31
New York colony
Dutch then conquered by England's Duke of York, Anglican with freedom of religion
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Pennsylvania colony
"Keystone State" with the "Holy Experiment", settled by Quakers and Germans, bought land from Indians, more influential complete religious freedom and no established religion
33
William Penn
Founder of Pennsylvania colony, started the "Holy Experiment" after Rhode Island
34
Georgia colony
Settled by many debtors and poor, a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas
35
Santa Fe
Under Spanish North America
36
Pueblo Revolt
uprising of Indians against exploitative Spanish rule; drove Spanish out of New Mexico for a decade
37
Mercantilism
Economic philosophy where the colonies serve the economic interest of the mother country; economic activity is to increase nation's wealth and econ. self-sufficiency; government regulates economic development
38
Colonial trade
Export more and import less, sent raw products to Britain for products back
39
Triangular trade
trade btwn mainland colonies, West Africa and Carribean, and btwn Britain, mainland colonies, and Caribbean
40
Navigation Acts
Foundation of English mercantile trade laws, said colonists could only send materials to England, poorly enforced; when they were more enforced, colonists were angered
41
"salutary/benign neglect"
(1721-1763) English policy allowing American colonies to economically develop without excessive gov. regulation from Britain; British alllowance of political/social freedom
42
Dominion of New England
Resistance by Mass. to the Navigation Acts
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Puritanism
believed in a pure Anglican religion; practiced in Mass.; had the Half-Way Covenant- allow children of only baptized parents to be baptized to increase conversion rate
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Enlightenment
Belief in natural law, caused a decreased in importance in organized religion
45
John Locke
Spread ideas of natural rights and social contract
46
(First) Great Awakening
reaction against materialism, Enlightenment, Deism, and soft religion; experienced by all colonists, increased democratization of American society, challenged traditional authority in religion and politics
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Jonathan Edwards
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, speaker in the Great Awakening
48
George Whitfield
Most influential/political man in the Great Awakening
49
18th century immigration
increase in Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, slaves to America, causing poor colonists to move west for cheaper land
50
American slavery
First American global market, chattel slavery (humans were property), need for cheap labor and belief of superiority
51
Stono Rebellion
slave rebellion in South Carolina, led to the Negro Act (reduce rights of slaves which spread to other colonies)
52
Zenger Case
newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of the government if it is factually true
53
French and Indian/Seven Years' War
First world war, Washington tried/failed to capture Fort Duquesne, established British domination of North America
54
Albany Plan of Union
In reaction to fear of French and Indian power, a federal council represented by each colony for united colonial defense; not approved by colonial assemblies
55
Benjamin Franklin
Practiced Enlightenment ideals, "self made man", influnced the Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Paris, and Constitution
56
Pontiac's Rebellion
Indians were dissatisfied with British postwar policies after the British victory in the French and Indian War; drove British soldiers and settlers out of the region; led to Proclamation of 1763
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Proclamation of 1763
tried to stop colonization of West by closing land to prevent conflict with Indians and to control westward expansion (ignored by colonists)
58
Stamp Act
Colonists unwillingly had to pay direct tax on printed documents to pay for British armies in territories, established the colonists belief in self-taxation
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Sons of Liberty
lead by Sam Adams, against the Stamp Act, organized the Boston Tea Party
60
Daughters of Liberty
lead by Mercy Otis Warren, against the Stamp Act, boycott British goods by making their own
61
Declaratory Act
stated Parliament had sovereignty (ultimate power) over colonies, passed same day the Stamp Act was repealed
62
Townshend Acts
Tax on imports; colonies boycott which led to repeal of all taxes cept for tea; caused Liberty riot in Boston and an expansion of British troops in colonies
63
Boston Massacre
British soldiers fired and killed Boston townspeople. Propaganda convinced many Americans that British are murderers
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Boston Tea Party
In retaliation to the Townshend Act and monopoly of tea trade by the East India Co; caused the Coercive/Intolerable Acts
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Coercive/Intolerable Acts
In retaliation to the Boston Tea Party, used to isolate and punish Boston (Massachusetts), caused unity among colonists
66
American Revolution (1775-1783)
Due to America's independent political/economic activities and opinions on government (representation, taxing, sovereignty), longest war until Vietnam, deadliest war, first civil war, lead to American independence
67
Continental Congress
Representatives from colonies decide that Congress direct war effort, Washington is Commander in Chief, Olive Branch petition
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Paine's Common Sense
Changed popular opinion about the war in favor of complete independence from Britain, influenced radical leadership and lead to Declaration of Independence
69
Declaration of Independence
Formally defined the status of the colonies (rebels), inspired many revolutionary movements
70
George Washington
Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army, first US president
71
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the war. France formally entered an American alliance against Britain
72
French Alliance
Joined the Americans against the British after the colonists' victory at the Battle of Saratoga
73
Loyalists
aka Tories, people who feared disorder and "common people" who were exiled or left after the Revolution
74
Articles of Confederation
"Critical Period", weak central government created in the Civil War and established the Land Ordinance of 1785, a loose confederation of 13 independent state republics under a powerless national government
75
Newburgh Conspiracy
before the Treaty of Paris, soldiers wanted to overthrow Articles of Confederation bc they had not been paid
76
Peace of Paris (1783)
After the war, Britain recognized the United States, its territorial size, and its independence
77
Republicanism
All power came directly from the people, success of a government depends on its citizens, powers of the government is limited by a written constitution, equality of opportunity
78
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
Disestablishment of the Virginian Anglican Church by Thomas Jefferson
79
"republican motherhood"
Belief that mothers were responsible for raising informed citizens; more education for women/female literacy
80
Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance
Created by the Articles of Confederation, these created a system which western lands were surveyed/sold and created a process to become a state. Slavery was prohibited in the territories.
81
Shays's Rebellion
Rebellion against state taxes and crippling debt leading to the Constitution
82
Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention
response to failed Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states met to revise the Articles, created the Constitution
83
Virginia Plan
favored large states for the new government, a bicameral legislature with the lower house based on population and upper house based on vote of the lower house
84
New Jersey Plan
favored small states for the new government, a unicameral legislature with equal representation
85
Great Compromise
Benjamin Franklin chaired, a proposal for a bicameral legislature (Congress) with equal representation in the Senate and represenation based on population in the House of Representatives
86
3/5 Compromise
slaves count as 3/5 a free person in determining representation and taxation
87
The Constitution
A bundle of compromises for a new government, 3 separate branches
88
Charles Beard's Constitution thesis
Belief that the Founding Fathers created the Constitution to protect their own economic interests
89
Ratification of the Constitution debate
Opponents feared central power and demanded a Bill of Rights, but Federalists and a promise to add the Bill of Rights won
90
The Federalist Papers
John Jay, Madison, and Hamilton wrote supportive essays to encourage support for the Constitution
91
James Madison
aka "Father of the Constitution", against a bill of rights bc didn't want to limit rights, oppose Hamilton's economic plan, Republican
92
Alexander Hamilton
planned economic program for the US, Federalist, Washington's Treasury Secretary
93
Bill of Rights
demanded by Anti-Federalists to pass the Constitution, first 10 amendments, preserve "inalienable rights"
94
Washington Presidency (1789-1797)
Admirably not a dictator, served 2 terms and retired (set precedent), established Cabinet and federal court, supported Hamilton's financial plan, kept America out of European wars (avoid alliances)
95
Hamilton's economic program
Goal is to make US economically powerful/diverse, bolster national credit by paying off debt (raising taxes), establish Bank of the United States, support industrial development
96
Establishment of Washington D.C. as nation's capital
Jefferson and Madison oppose the "assumption" in Hamilton's economic plan, compromised by giving this; lead to a divided financial/political center of US
97
Neutrality Proclamation
US would remain neutral in world affairs; Americans must be impartial to European conflict, follow Washington's goal
98
Jay's Treaty
War fever in US was rising so this made Britain withdraw forts and loosened trade restrictions; treaty angered Americans; but prevented war with Great Britain
99
Whiskey Rebellion
against Hamilton's controversial tax to pay off the national debt; fed power used to assert authority, began parties
100
First Party System: Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans
Created in reaction to Hamilton's controversial economic plan, urban + complex economy + aristocracy of merit" + central power + loose interpretation vs. agriculture + limited central power + strict interpretation
101
Washington's Farewell Address
Stated that the US should avoided permanent alliances and political parties
102
John Adams Presidency (1797-1801)
Had the Quasi-War, enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts against Republicans
103
XYZ Affair
France capture US ships and required a loan and a bribe to negotiate with American delegates, started the Quasi-War (undeclared naval war with France)
104
Quasi-War
reaction to XYZ Affair, undeclared naval war with France that created the Navy
105
Alien and Sedition Acts
Said the aliens could be deported if considered a threat to the fed gov, fed gov can prosecute those in "sedition"; immigration was discouraged and Republicans were arrested and convicted for seditious acts
106
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
in reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts, claimed states could nullify fed laws, elevated disputes btwn Federalists and Republicans
107
Election of 1800
Adams v. Jefferson, Jefferson won calling it the "Revolution of 1800" because it overthrew the Federalists, led to 12th Amendment (separate vote for president and vice); first time political factions peacefully suffered political power to their opponents
108
Jefferson Presidency (1801-1809)
Goal to unify nation, "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists", gained the Louisiana Purchase
109
Louisiana Purchase
Doubled America, expanded presidential power, Jefferson changed to loose interpretation of Constitution, started hope of a transcontinental nation
110
Lewis and Clark expedition
explored the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean, gave Americans hope for a transcontinental nation
111
Burr Conspiracy
The man who initiated this was arrested and tried for attempting seccesion with Louisiana territory; demonstrated potential instablity of the US in a large geographical area
112
Impressment
British did this to US soldiers in Napoleonic Wars, violated US neutrality
113
Chesapeake-Leopard incident
British attacked US ship in Napoleonic Wars leading to war fever; British do not respect US belief
114
Embargo Act
forbade US ships from sailing to foreign ports in response to British impressment of US soldiers, led to economic depression and controversial attempts to enforce, kept US out of war
115
Tenskwatawa/"The Prophet"
Inspired religious revival/unification among Indians
116
Tecumseh and the Indian Confederation
Unified Indian tribes to resist US expansion, said that no Indian tribe could cede any land without permission of Indian tribes
117
Madison Presidency (1809-1817)
In which the War of 1812 was declared, after war tried to establish a Second Bank of US for industrialization
118
"war hawks"
young aggressive generation of political leaders affected by war fever from navy and Indians, strongly pushed for war with Britain
119
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
"Second War for American Independence", caused by conflict with Indians and Britain, resulted in reduction of European threats, Indian threats, and increase of American patriotism
120
Hartford Convention
Response to War of 1812, advocated nullification and discussed secession, Federalists deemed treasonous
121
Battle of New Orleans
tremendous US victory under Jackson, gave Americans impression that they had won the war
122
Monroe Presidency (1817-1825)
"Era of Good Feelings", equal Cabinet, foreign policy success, Monroe Doctrine, Panic of 1819, Missouri Compromise
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US Industrial Revolution
Transformation to manufacturing, gov support for patents, Eli Whitney, Samuel Slater, Oliver Evans
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Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable part
125
Tariff of 1816
first protective tariff in US history; influencing American industrial growth
126
Second Bank of the US
Force state banks to issue only sound notes; influence American industrial growth
127
National Road
Albert Gallatin proposed in transportation improvements, began at Cumberland to St. Louis, Missouri
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Robert Fulton
invented the Clermont (steamboat) in transportation improvements
129
Erie Canal
Increase economic important of NYC, allowed West-North connection, transportation improvement
130
Bonus Bill veto
James Madison did this bc he believed it was unconstitutional for a central gov to finance internal improvements
131
Lowell-Waltham system
paternalism; improved power loom led to workers being young single women (not families)
132
"separate spheres"
belief that men and women have separate positions- men in factories, women at home
133
John Marshall Supreme Court
Shaped interpretation of the Constitution, strengthened judicial branch, increased power of fed gov, support economic activity, recognize Indian sovereignty
134
Marbury vs Madison
established judicial review
135
Gibbons decision
Congress alone regulates interstate commerce, increase fed gov power
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Dartmouth College decision
Corporation contracts were inviolable and could not be controlled by state gov; state govs cannot control corporations
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McCulloch decision
Upheld constitutionality of Bank of the US, established loose interpretation of Constitution as constitutional
138
Worcester decision
Tribes were sovereign entities and distinct political communitess having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive
139
Antebellum urbanization
Largest immigration, migration to cities from native farming classes and immigrants from Europe
140
Squatters and preemption
western settlers who developed land before buying it, Congress recognized their right to buy the land they developed; conflict with speculators
141
Panic of 1819
World demand for US crops dropped, Bank of US had excessive credit and state banks had to pay loans, but had no money; led to economic depression, end of the "Era of Good Feelings", Western animosity to the East
142
Sectionalism
began in the Panic of 1819, Western animosity toward East
143
Missouri Crisis & Compromise
Slavery prohibited above southern border of Missouri to maintain a balance of power btwn free and slave states, slavery becomes a national issue for the first time
144
Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America
states that one feature of American society struck him as "fundamental": the "general equality of condition among the people"
145
"corrupt bargain"
Clay was Speaker of the House, and Adams was selected by the House of Representatives to be President, then Clay was made Secretary of State; caused Jackson's supporters to be angry
146
Henry Clay
war hawk, "American System", corrupt bargain, proposed the Compromise of 1850
147
"American System"
Clay wanted to knit together US sections for economic system by raising the protective tariff, strengthening the national bank, financing internal improvements
148
Jackson Presidency (1829-1837)
"Era of Common Man", universal manhood suffrage, acceptance of political parties/professions, rotation in office, national party conventions, Kitchen Cabinet, removal of Indians
149
Universal manhood suffrage
most important reform in Jackson's presidency, most while males voted in 1840
150
"spoils system"
gov. jobs went to supporters of elected office-holders; change in Jackson's presidency as he removed fed officeholders for corruption
151
national party conventions
used to nominate presidential candidates, delegates to convention usually members of local party elites, little expansion of political opportunity
152
Maysville Road veto
Jackson demonstrated that government should not aid economic development
153
Daniel Webster
"I go for the Constitution as it is, and for the Union as it is", influenced Northern youth in the Civil War
154
"Liberty and Union" speech
Daniel Webster's speech, similar to Gettysburg address, influenced northern youth for Civil War
155
John C. Calhoun
Vice President to Jackson, believed states had the right to nullification, South Carolinian
156
"Tariff of Abominations"
Angered South Carolinians and blamed for economic stagnation, led to nullification debates, led to South as permanent minority
157
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
reaction to "Tariff of Abominations", Calhoun's theory on nullification; the fed. gov is created by states, thus states are the final judges of the constitutionality of fed laws, nullifying state can secede if the bill is passed
158
Nullification Crisis
South Carolina/Calhoun dislike "Tariff of Abominations", and so wants to nullify it. Fed gov slowly lowers Tariff, South realize it is the "permanent minority" and uses secession rather than nullification as "ultimate weapon"
159
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Henry Clay's response to Nullification Crisis, gradually lowered tariff until it was eliminated
160
(eastern) Indian Removal
Whites wanted savages gone, money was collected to negotiate treaties and remove Indians by Congress, Trail of Tears, Goal of Jackson
161
Bank War
Jackson against the Bank "Monster" due to the Panic of 1819, Jackson vetoed the recharter bill, kept fed. gov funds in "pet banks" unconstitutionally, Biddle caused a recession; led to a fragmented banking system and the Panic of 1837
162
Taney Court
Ruled that private property and activites of corporations can be regulated by the state
163
Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs
Reaction to Jackson's Presidency, similar to Republicans vs Federalists
164
Martin Van Buren Presidency (1837-1841)
Started off with an economic boom in technology, credit, and land sales; had the panic of 1837
165
Panic of 1837
Land speculation, weakened pet banks, use of specie (gold/silver), international economic problems, and agriculture problems resulted in worldwide economic depression, caused Fed gov and banks to be different
166
Election of 1840
"Log Cabin" Campaign, Whigs presented as the party of "common man", first mass election; demonstrated that a stable, democratic, and popular two-party system exists
167
Noah Webster
believed Americans must be educated as patriots, simplified and Americanized system of spelling for a distinctive American culture and national unification; first dictionary
168
James Fenimore Cooper
First truly American novelist on Americans and America itself in antebellum reform
169
Walt Whitman
self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, broke conventions of rhyme and meter; celebrated democracy
170
Herman Melville
Anti-transcendentalist and pessimistic of mankind; Mody Dick
171
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Anti-transcendentalist and pessimistic of mankind; disillusioned with utopias after experiencing a failed one; The Scarlet Letter
172
Hudson Valley School of art
photography on beauty of US landscape, pride in America and nationalism in art
173
Oneida community
Founded by Noyes, "Perfectionists", rejected traditional families and marriages; no permanent conjugal ties, all residents married to each other
174
Shakers
Founded by Mother Ann Lee, practiced complete celibacy, all believers had to voluntarily join the faith
175
Mormons
"most persecuted religion in US history" began in upstate New York by Joseph Smith, practiced polygamy, settled in Utah
176
Transcendentalists
New England writers/philosophers who believed the individual should allow emotions to relate to the universe, influenced by European romanticism
177
Ralph Waldo Emerson
leader of Transcendentalists, "Nature", "Self-Reliance", "The American Scholar"
178
Henry David Thoreau
tried to live out Transcendentalism, Walden, went to jail to protest the Mexican War, said a government that violates one person's morality has no authority over the person (civil disobedience)
179
Second Great Awakening
2nd great religious revival, every individual is capable of salvation and experience a spiritual rebirth if they want it; expansion in social reform
180
Charles Finney
most influential revival evengelist of 1820s-1830s; every person can experience personal salvation, revivals in "burned-over district" (NYC Erie Canal towns which experience continuous revivals) to reform society
181
...
...
182
Oberlin and Mount Holyoke colleges
first college to accept women/first women's college
183
Lucretia Mott
Friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, met at an anti-slavery convention they could not participate in, feminist, pushed for female rights, Seneca Falls
184
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Friend of Lucretia Mott, feminist, pushed for woman's rights, Seneca Falls
185
Seneca Falls Convention
New York convention on women's rights, "Declaration of Sentiments" said all men and women are created equal and deserve equal suffrage
186
Susan B. Anthony
"Men Their Rights and Nothing More; Women Their Rights and Nothing Less"
187
Catherine Beecher
believed in separate spheres
188
Horace Mann
"father of the public school system", believed an educated electorate was essential for a republic and to maintain social order
189
Maine Laws
sale and manufacturing of alcohol prohibited; influenced by temperance movement
190
Dorothea Dix
began a national movement for new methods to treat the mentally ill, asylums
191
Penitentiaries
new form of prison discipline and institutions to rid criminals of "lawlessness"
192
American Colonization Society
colonization of American blacks to create own country; challenged slavery w/out challenging property rights of South; slaveowners would be compensated
193
Abolitionism
A belief in immediate emancipation of slaves, no financial compensation for slaveowners, all blacks must receive full citizenship rights; believers consisted of a small percent of North but still were conspicuous and provoked powerful opposition
194
William Lloyd Garrison
radical abolitionist, founder of The Liberator, believed slavery must be viewed from perspective of blacks and damage of slavery to slaves;
195
The Liberator
founded by Garrison, abolistionist newspaper
196
Frederick Douglass
most famous black abolitionist; former slave; advocated freedom from slavery and full citizenship
197
Wendell Phillips
abolitionist
198
David Walker
abolitionist, believed US belonged to blacks more than whites, slaves should kill their masters
199
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
most famous conductor for series of safe houses which atempted to assist runaway slaves in journey to North
200
"King Cotton"
most important economic development in antebellum South, increase in settlers and slavery in deep South; cotton gin made cotton profitable
201
Upper South
lost economic power due to King Cotton/failure to grow tobacco; began manufacturing
202
Deep South
Gained economic power due to King Cotton, slave population increased
203
Planter class
Southern whites who owned slaves and exercised immense power/influence politically, economically, socially
204
Southern yeoman farmers
typical white Southerner, no slaves, hoped to become planters but little opportunity
205
Toussaint L'Ouverture rebellion in Haiti (1804)
successful slave rebellion
206
Denmark Vesey rebellion (1822)
slave rebellion in South Carolina discovered before it began
207
Nat Turner rebellion (1831)
60 white killed, 100 blacks executed, slave rebellion that increased fear of slave revolt, same year of The Liberator
208
George Fitzhugh
"Women have one right- the right to protection. That involves the obligation to obey". Southern white men defended women, so Southern women more subordinate
209
Manifest Destiny
US was destined to expand its boundaries over a vast area (included, but not restricted to, the North American continent
210
"Great American Desert"
Great Plains, Stephen Long deemed it as unfit for agriculture
211
"Mountain men"
Fur trappers, first white movement into lands; they dominate
212
Texas Revolution (1836)
Many Americans lived in Texas and wanted freedom from Mexico; Battle of San Jacinto- Sam Houston led Texan forces defeated General Santa Anna, signed treaty giving independence to Texas but rejected by legislature. Annexation into US was wanted, but Pres feared war w/ Mexico
213
Overland Trails
Collective experience traveling west that failed when not collective, more NAs than whites killed
214
Joseph Smith
Mormon founder, killed by an angry mob while charged with treason
215
Mormon migration to Utah
Brigham Young brought Mormons here but they were persecuted, Mountain Meadows massacre; killing of over 120 wagon members thought to be the already intruding troops
216
Brigham Young
Successor to Joseph Smith, brought Mormons to Utah
217
Oregon Country
Both US and Britain claimed sovereignty, joint occupation
218
John C. Fremont
mapped Oregon Trail, encouraged westward movement
219
Polk Presidency (1845-1849)
Goals: Annexation of Texas, Settlement of Oregon question, Acquisition of California
220
Mexican War (1846-1848)
First war where US troops fought primarily on foreign soil, covered by mass-circulation newspapers, many felt that Pres Polk provoked war
221
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Said slavery should be prohibited in any territory captured from Mexico; started the controversy of slavery in territories
222
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
Mexico surrendered California and New Mexico, accepted Rio Grande as Texas boundary, did not satisfy all expansionists
223
California Gold Rush
Caused increase in population "forty-niners", arrival of Chinese, destruction of NAs, pressure on fed gov to establish a stable gov in CA
224
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay's resolution: CA a free state, Mexico territory a slave state, slave trade banned in DC, stronger fugitive slave law; increased support of anti-slavery cause thanks to Fugitive Slave Law opposition
225
Cyrus McCormick reaper and John Deere steel plow
More railroads and international demand for grain -> more commercial agriculture -> this new technology
226
Antebellum mass immigration (1840s & 1850s)
Largest immigration in US history, migration to cities -> rise of nativism
227
"Know-Nothings" & the American Party
Nativist group that aided in collapse of Second Party system; helped create new national political alignments
228
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
most influential novel in USA history; increased support for anti-slavery cause
229
Fugitive Slave Act
Part of the Compromise of 1850; North oppose (states stop deportation, mob actions, Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled it void), South is outraged by this resistance
230
Anthony Burns controversy (1853)
Abolitionist activists killed a federal officer when he tried to bring Burns (fugitive slave) back to the South, Burns was still sent back to the South as a slave -> Garrison burned a copy of the Constitution bc it allowed slavery
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"Young America" movement
Distraction to slavery issue by focusing on expanding American democracy -> Gasden Purchase (south Arizona)
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Gasden Purchase
Success in "Young America" movement, aquisition of south Arizona
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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Slavery would be determined by "popular sovereignty" -> Whig Party destroyed and Republican party is created
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Stephen Douglas
designer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, U.S. Senator, famous from Lincoln-Douglas debates
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"free-soil" ideology
Slavery was dangerous bc its threat to whites who own property/control their own labor/have opportunity for advancement; thought South wanted to extend slavery throughout the nation
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Republican party
Created in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, made up of "Conscience" Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers, believed in "free-soil"
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"Bleeding Kansas"
Symbol of sectional conflict, pro and anti-slavery settlers flocked to Kansas and engaged in bloody conflicts (Pottawatomie)
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Sack of Lawrence and Pottawatomie massacre
"Bleeding Kansas", John Brown killed 5 proslavery settlers in response to the Sack of Lawrence and the caning of Charles Sumner
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Beating of Charles Sumner
Sumner criticized Senator Butler of South Carolina, Butler's nephew beat Sumner with a cane in the Senate
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Dred Scott decision
Blacks are property, not citizens; the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and popular sovereignty of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Lincoln-Douglas debate (1858)
Made Lincoln famous, opposed to slavery and eventual disappearance
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"slave power" vs. "Black Republicans"
South would extend slavery throughout the nation and destroy Northern capitalism vs. Republicans wanted race equality
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John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry
Also known as the "meteor of the war", caused the South to begin training their militia for secession
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Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln (Repub) won, South vowed secession if Republicans won
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Secession crisis
South Carolina was the first to secede, form the CSA, Jefferson Davis was President and Alexander Stephens was Vice; Crittenden Compromise tried to solve this but failed
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Confederate States of America
Formed after Lincoln's election, South Carolina, Mississippi, Flordia, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas; Jeff Davis as Pres and Alex Stephens as Vice; Richmond, Virginia became capital
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Jefferson Davis
Prez of CSA; commander of CSA army with military experience
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Lincoln Presidency (1861-1865)
Refused to accept the dissolution of the Union; effective commander-in-chief
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Civil War (1861-1865)
Military/Political/Ideological/Economic/Social war = Total War
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Union and Confederate military draft
Union: could escape service by hiring someone else or paying to fed. govt -> riots; Confederate: Conscription Act (1st draft in US history), could escape service by hiring someone else (high price) or sending slaves -> "rich man's war, poor man's fight"
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New York City draft riot
Opposition to North draft, over 100 killed
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Lincoln's restriction of civil liberties
Suspended habeas corpus, arrested civilian dissenters/ppl against enlistments or engaged in disloyal pratice
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"Copperheads"/Peace Democrats
Civil War opposition
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Republican ecomonic legislation (during the Civil War)
Binded Northern industrialists/Western farmers to the Republican Party + contributed to rapid postwar expanion of US industrialization (ie. new banking system)
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Union and Confederate financing of the war
Union: taxation, paper currency ("greenbacks"), war bonds, bank borrowing; Confederate: printing paper currency -> Inflation
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Confederate constitution
Similar to US constitution, but recognized sovereignty of states, allowed slavery, banned international slave trade + protective tariff
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Battle of Gettysburg and Siege of Vicksburg
Largest battle in the history of the Western Hemisphere, Lee's 2nd invasion of the North that failed / Union army got control of Mississippi River and split Confederacy in half
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Election of 1864
Lincoln and Andrew Johnson won (Union Ticket = Repub + War Demo) -> Confederacy lost/slavery was dead
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Sherman's March
Total war; Sherman's army marched to Georgia destroying everything of military purpose in their path and captured Savannah, founded "forty-acres and a mule" to get rid of freedmen
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"total war"
Destruction of resources was vital, ie. Sherman's March
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Confiscation Acts
1861: slaves used against the Union was free; 1862: president can employ blacks as soliders
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Emancipation Proclamation
Slaves in the CSA are free, blacks join the Union army, made abolition a war goal
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13th Amendment (1865)
Abolished slavery throughout the entire US w/ no compensation
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Civil War's effects on women
New employment oppotunities and significant national woman's suffrage movement; dominant force in nursing and teaching
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Clara Barton
founder of Red Cross, nurse in Civil war
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Reconstruction
Goals: 1) former Confederate states rejoin the Union 2) determine political/social/economic position of freedmen
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Freedman's Bureau
Provided food, clothing, medical care to war refugees; education for southern public schools; work w/ freedmen for land
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Presidential Reconstruction plans (Lincoln and Johnson)
States readmitted if 10% of voters pledge loyalty to US and abolish slavery (more Repubs) + Wade-Davis plan (provisional governors per state and new state constitutions announcing secession as illegal, abolish slavery, disfranchise Confed. leaders OR provisional governors, amnesty to Southerners who pledge allegiance, punish Confederate leaders, allow anti-black sentiments, state constitutions get rid of secession and war debt and ratify 13th amendment
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Andrew Johnson Presidency (1865-1869)
States' rights, wanted to reestablish alliance w/ South and West, punish rich Southerners, anti-black
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black codes
reestablished control over black worker, guaranteed white supremacy, allowed violence against freedmen
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Election of 1866
Non-presidential election, Repubs won, Congress could enact its Reconstruction plan over Johnson's veto
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Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction plans
disenfranchise civil/military leaders of Confed, protect legal rights of blacks, confiscate property of active/imp Confed and distribute to freedmen (break power of planter class)
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14th Amendment
Defined citizenship and prohibit state govs from infringing on equal rights; gave black Americans citizenship and legal equality, led to nationalization of Bill of Rights
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15th Amendment
States cannot deny suffrage due to race, color, previous enslavement; used for Repubs to keep black votes, angered women activists
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Frederick Douglas & Lucy Stone & Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
15th Amendment caused split btwn abolitionists and women's rights leaders
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Congressional-Radical-Military Reconstruction
South divided into 5 military districts, each district had troops, States had to create state gov w/ black suffrage and ratify 14th Amendment; opposition added more
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Andrew Johnson impeachment
Congress passed Tenure of Office Act, and Pres Johnson defied them. Congress failed to do this, but it still crippled Johnson's presidency
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Reconstruction southern state governments
Blacks held weak govt. positions, corruption was normal, taxes and public debt increased, new constitutions established public schools/abolished property qualifications for voting/jury duty
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Scalawags
Southerners who joined the Repubs
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Carpetbaggers
Northerners who settled in the South
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"Forty acres and a mule"
Sherman's captured land goes to freedmen; most land returned bc land distribution too controversial for Repubs
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Dunning school of historial interpretation
Reconstruction was oppressive to the South, Northerners and Repubs put unqualified blacks into gov power. Repub government was corrupt and increased debt
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Ku Klux Klan
First terrorist US society, not allow blacks to change political/social/economic structure of the South; eliminated by the Force/Enforcement Acts but led to a decline in Repub votes
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Force Acts (during Reconstruction)
Gave fed gov expanded power to enforce Congressional laws -> eliminate Klan
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Mississippi Plan
White Demo Southerners gain political power by any means (KKK)
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Election of 1874
Hayes (Repub) become president: internal improvements, and allowed remaining fed troops in South to leave (national gov has given up on South politics/discrimination)
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White supremacy terrorism (during Reconstruction)
KKK, lynchings, use by Demos to regain power
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Compromise of 1877
See Election of 1874: Hayes (Repub) becomes pres if armies leave the South
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"Redeemers"
Political leaders of pre-Civil war period; corrupt, dismantled advanced of Reconstruction
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tenant faming
Transformed Southern backcountry agriculture from subsistence famring to cash crop farming
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sharecropping & crop-lien system
farmer tilled land in return for supplies and share of crop / country merchants give supplies in return for a share of the farmer's crops -> hopeless cycle of debt -> lost land
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Duke tobacco
created American Tobacco Company (controlled 90% of tobacco) as cigarettes boomed
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Southern voting discrimination laws
Poll tax, grandfather clause, literacy tests; complemented rise of legal segregation (Jim Crow laws)
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Jim Crow laws
state laws estalishing segregation (no social/political/economic rights for blacks); ultimate example of white supremacy ideology
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Slaughterhouse cases, US v Cruikshank and Civil Rights Cases
14th amendment did not create new set of national citizenship rights
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
Separate but equal is constitutional
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Ida B. Wells
Movement to ban lynching -> fed anti-lynching law: failed
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Exodusters
Blacks leaving to Kansas in Reconstruction
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"Lost Cause" of the Confederacy
Allowed North and South to focus on unity rather than black rights
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Wilmington Riot/Coup
Mass racial violence when elected biracial Repub gov was overthrown by white supremacists
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Booker T. Washington
Chief spokesperson for black education, industrial education, must act like whites to win their respect, "Atlanta Compromise"
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"Atlanta Compromise"
Blacks should focus on economic gains, not political/social; blacks don't challenge segregation
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W. E. B. DuBois
Disagree with Washington, Niagara Movement- end segregation in unions/courts/public, demand equality
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Led drive for equal rights for blacks; used lawsuits in federal courts -> Supreme Court rule grandfather clause unconstitutional
