APUSH Final Woolery Flashcards
(321 cards)
0
Q
Great Columbian/ Biological Exchange
A
refers to the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries
1
Q
American Indians/Native Americans
A
harsh treatment by attempt to be converted and conquered by Europeans as recorded by de las Casas; perceived to be savages, highly developed and posed a threat to European goals; ; characteristics: tribal diversity, moral equality with Europeans. Tribal/communal mentality vs. Euro/modern individualism; conquered because of destructive European technology, disunity among Indians, diminishing populations vs. growing European population; diseases; destruction of Indian food supply
2
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
religious man sailed from Spain in 1492; Santo Domingo, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad Island, Centeal America, Panama to Honduras, Bahamas, San Salvador, Cuba, Haiti (Hispaniola)
3
Q
Bartolomeo de las Casas
A
priest who wrote History of the Indies and A Brief History of the Destruction of the Indies; convert Indians to Chrsitianity, horrified by Indian treatment and gave witness to it
4
Q
Spanish Empire
A
all of S. America, except Brazil, Central America, most of Caribbean, Florida, California, and Southwest US (Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, and part of Texas)
5
Q
French Empire
A
colonized all of Canada (except Hudson Bay Area), Great Lakes region, Mississippi River Basin, and French West Indies (Caribbean)
6
Q
English/British Empire
A
Atlantic coast of US–> John Cabot
7
Q
Jamestown
A
1607;John Smith; Anglican; first permanent English settlement; British settlers retained “all the liberties, franchises, and immunities” of British citizens
8
Q
Indentured servitude
A
men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Colonies and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter; declined with slavery
9
Q
Plymouth Colony
A
1620; Pilgrims, Mayflower Compact, William Brewster
10
Q
Mayflower Compact
A
Existence of Separatists with non-religious and non-Separatists on ship–> created consensual govt. among different groups; All laws created by MC are legitimate and should be followed. A Consitution is a set of rules which a govt. follows and that govt’s future laws are limited by that same Consitution; William Brewster
11
Q
Chesapeake Colonies
A
Maryland and Virginia; plantation economy with cheap labor–> indentured servants –> slavery–> more uneven distribution of skills and income (in comparison to New England) headrigh system, tobacco, Anglican, but some religious freedom for Catholics in Maryland
12
Q
Virginia Colony
A
Chespeake; 1607 Jamestown- John Smith; Anglican; first permanent English settlement, Plymouth; British settlers retained “all the liberties, franchises, and immunities” of British citizens
13
Q
House of Burgesses
A
first elected/representative assembly in the Americas; fulfillment of promise to colonists of full
rights as Englishmen in 1619
14
Q
Bacon’s Rebellion
A
1676; conflict b/w backcountry and Indians; uprising against colonial govt.; Jamestown burned and Berkely exiled; landless indentured servants supporters of Bacon; Indians forced to surrender more land, reduction of taxes for free white Virginians, showed pattern of conflict b/w Europeans and Indians, competition among elites, instability of former indentured servants
15
Q
Maryland Colony
A
1634; St. Mary’s Province- Cecilius Calvert; Toleraiton Act of 1649; Church of England Anglicanism; Chesapeake
16
Q
Toleration Act
A
1649; gave freedom of religion to all who believed in Trinity (didn’t apply to Jews) was granted to protect Catholics from interference by other Christians in Maryland
17
Q
New England Colonies
A
Mass., Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire; yeoman farms, better education, most religiously intolerant (except Rhode Island), healthiest, most egalitarian, most commercial
18
Q
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A
1630; part of Great Puritan Migration; Congregationalist; most theocratic colony; “City upon a Hill” New England
19
Q
John Winthrop
A
“City upon a hill”- Mass. Bay Colony
20
Q
“City upon a hill”
A
Mass. Bay colony- exemplified American view that they are to serve as an example of a model society/moral community/moral commonwealth to the world
21
Q
Anne Hutchinson
A
antinomianism (hostile to law)-disagreement with Mass. Church Fathers over doctrine, she believed one could directly communicate with God and gain assurance of salvation, make church leaders irrelevant, expelled from colony
22
Q
King Philip’s War
A
1675-76; Mass.; Metacomet’s War; bloodiest war in colonial history and, in proportion to population, in American history; colonists won because more unified; New England Indians eliminated as obstacle to western expansion
23
Q
Salem Witch Trials
A
in New England; ideology that targeted old single women and midwives
24
Rhode Island Colony
1636; established by Roger Williams; religious freedom, disestablishment, universal male suffrage with property qualifications, most democratic, last to ratify Constitution New England
25
Roger Williams
Providence-1636; moved from Massachusetts; granted religious freedom and disestablishment in Rhode Island colony; didn't want religion corrupted by govt.; one of the few colonial leaders that defended Native Americans
26
Disestablishment
no religion is financially supported by state/govt.; opposed tax-supported church; original American contribution to govt. practice
27
Connecticut Colony
1636-Hartford- Thomas Hooker; established religion; Congregational, New England
28
Fundamental Orders
1639; was first written constitution in the New World; Davemoport's colony at New Haven became part of Conn. in 1662
29
Mid-Atlantic/Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, New York- fertile soil--> bread colonies, midsize farms, smaller than South larger than North; most diverse, radically integrated, religiously tolerant, cooperative with Indians, less social disorder
30
New Amsterdam
NY, NJ, Delaware--> conquered by Endland's Duke of York
31
New York Colony
NY Harbor and the Hudson River separated the English colonies. This was intolerable to the British British empire; established religion- Anglican yet allowed complete religious freedom; Dutch; Middle Colony
32
Pennsylvania Colony
middle colony; 1683; William Penn; settled by Quakers, Holy Experiment, followed Rhode Island Example; religious freedom
33
William Penn
"The Holy Experiment"; led Quakers as well as many Germans (known as Pennsylvania Dutch); in the buying of the land from the Indians, allowing complete religious freedom, and having no established religion, Pennsylvania followed example of Rhode Island
34
Georgia colony
many debtors and other unfortunates (worthy pools) were among the first settlers; it served as a buffer b/w Spanish Florida and the Carolinas; Southern Colony
35
Santa Fe
where Pueblo Revolt took place; part of Spanish North America
36
Pueblo Revolt
uprising of Pueblo Indians against exploitative Spanish rule; drove Spanish out of New Mexico for a decade
37
Mercantilism
colonies served economic interest of mother country; economic philosophy that guided European nation in 16th and 17th centuries
38
Colonial trade
much of colonial trade wasn't triangular; acted like capitalists
39
Triangular Trade
b/w maintained colonies, West Africa, and Caribbean and b/w Britain, mainland colonies, many Caribbean
40
Navigation Acts
1660,1663,1673; foundation of English mercantile trade laws; restricted transport of colonial commerce to English vessels, certain enumerated products had to be shipped go England; European goods had to go to England before going to America's, attempt to tighten enforcement
41
"Salutary/benign neglect"
description of English policy of allowing American colonies to economically develop without excessive govt. regulation from Britain, also described British policy of allowing some political and social (religious) freedom
42
Dominion of New England
Resistance by Mass. to the Navigation Acts
43
Puritanism
founded by John Calvin; elect, calling--> inherent goodness of wor
44
Enlightenment
cultural and intellectual movement: Deism and "soft" religion
45
John Locke
Two Treatises on Government; contract theory of government, natural rights and social contract
46
(First) Great Awakening
reaction against materialism, Enlightnement, common experience for all colonies, divisive event: challenge to established Churches; brought Protestantism to lowest classes, frontier areas, promoted plurslistic, agaliatarian, and voluntaristic social order, challenged traditional religious authority
47
Jonathan Edwards
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God; imp. and influential philosophical theologian in America and Great Awakening
48
George Whitefield
English Anglican preacher who greatly influenced Great Awakening in America
49
18th century immigration
increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants (Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, African slaves- also diverse from different tribes)--> upto to 1820 2/3 of 12 million immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere were enslaved Africans
50
American Slavery
chattel slavery- humans treated as property/market goods/commodities; need for cheap laborers/workers; European belief in superiority of values and civilization; followed example of other nations like Spain and Portugal
51
Stono Rebellion
a slave rebellion (1739) in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 21 whites and 44 blacks killed.
52
Zenger Case
newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if factually true
53
French and Indian/Seven Years' War
1st world war;started by actions of George Washington (1754); sent to capture Fort Duquense (in Ohio River Valley); captured at Fort Necessity--> led to British domination of North America
54
Albany Plan of Union
1754; fear of French and Indian power; federal council (with reps. from each colony); presider: president-general (Crown appointed); responsibilities: colonial defense, Indian policy, fort building, harbor patrol; financed taxes; approved by delegates, but no approval from a single colonial assembly
55
Benjamin Franklin
practice Enlightenment ideals: need for scientific research and education; first self-made man; made middle class an individual an imp. factor in American society; most democratic Founding Father; advocate of religious toleration; only American to sign the three founding documents of US: Declaration, Treaty of Paris, Consitution; public anti-slavery advocate
56
Pontiac's Rebellion
led to Proclamation of 1763; a war waged by Indians of the Great Lakes region against British rule after the French and Indian War.
57
Proclamation of 1763
tried to stop colonization of West by closing land b/w Appalachian Mts. abd Mississippi River to prevent conflict with Indians (influence of Pontiac's Rebellion) and control westward expansion; colonists ignored
58
Stamp Act
1765; in order to pay for new army, to police new territories, colonists forced to pay a tax on printed documents in colonies such as legal documents, pamphlets, calendars, and almanacs. Violators tried in Sugar Act's jury less vice-admiralty courts; resistance--> Virginia Resolves and Stamp Act Congress
59
Sons of Liberty
led by Sam Adams, against the Stamp Act, organized the Boston Tea Party
60
Daughters of Liberty
led by Mercy Otis Warren, against the Stamp Act, boycott British goods by making their own
61
Declaratory Act
1766; passed by Parliament, it stated that Parliament had sovereignty over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"; passed the same day Stamp Act was repealed
62
Townshend Acts
1767; placed tax on imported paper, lead, glass, tea, and painter's colors (external taxes); colonial boycott led to repeal of all Townshend duties except tea; news of repeal reached colonies after Boston Massacre
63
Boston Massacre
1770; British soldiers fired upon Boston townspeople; several people killed; the pamphlet Innocent Blood Crying to God from the Streets of Boston along with Paul Revere's engraving of the massacre convinced many Americans the British soldiers were murderers
64
Boston Tea Party
1773- enraged by monopoly of the tea trade held by East India Company & English refusal to rescind the earlier tea tax (which came to their attention due to Tea Act), 3 companies of 50 men disguised as Indians boarded tea ships and emptied tea into harbor
65
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
1774; In retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, the British govt. closed port of Boston until tea was paid for, revised the charter of Massachusetts, reduced their powers of self-govt.; forced colonists of Massachusetts to house British soldiers and allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of violence
66
American Revolution (1775-1783)
America's longest war until the Vietnam war; America's deadliest war (per capita deaths) except for Civil War; America's first civil war--> ultimately wishing to gan independence from Britain
67
First Continental Congress
1774; Declaration of Rights and Grievances sent to George III (not Parliament) called for repeal of repressive legislature, complete boycott of British goods
68
2nd Continental Congress
no authority to levy taxes; Congress assumed direction of the war effort, Geroge Washington commander-in-chief; new appeals to King George--> Oliver Branch Petition affirmed American loyalty to George III and denied desire for independence
69
Paine's Common Sense
American colonists had a scared and moral obligation to the world to create an independent, democratic republic, untainted by association with corrupt and monarchical Britain; sold over 10000 copies; helped to change popular opinion about the war in favor of independence; six months later Continental Congrss would adopt the Declaration of Independence
70
Declaration of Independence
statement of natural rights social contract theories of John Locke and its application to the American crisis; 27 indictments against the King and Parliament for usurpations and tyrannical acts; Declaration that "these colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES"; adopted 1776; big John Hancock signature; universal impact that inspired countless revolutions and created divisions within American society
71
George Washington
from Virginia was chosen as the Commander in Chief of Continetal Army in Revolutionary War later unanimously elected first president of US
72
Battle of Saratoga
1777; British army forced to surrender, considered turning point of the war--> France convinced of American potential and formed an alliance
73
French Alliance
through Saratoga, France was convinced of the durability of the American cause; France decided to formally enter American side into a formal alliance with the U.S. in 1778
74
Loyalists
political office holders, particularly those appointed by British, merchants, cultural and ethnic minorities, isolated, Indians, opportunists, particular religious sects; largest number of Loyalists those who feared disorder and the "common people"
75
Articles of Confederation
"loose confederation of 13 independent state republics under a nearly powerless national govt"; dominant unicameral legislature- each state one vote, important measures had to have support of nine states; no separation of powers; only request taxes form states; conduct wars and foreign relations yet could not regulate trade and draft troops
76
Newburgh Conspiracy
1783; took place before the Treaty of Paris was created, some officers in Washington's Conrinental Army threatened to overthrow the Articles of Confederation govt. unless they received the back pay they were owed; George Washington stopped conspiracy
77
Peace of Paris (1783)
the independence of the Unites States of America was recognized by Great Britain; the western border was the Misssissippi River, Congress would recommend restoration of property and rights to Loyalists, the British would evacuate American soil "with all convenient speed"; debts existing b/w British subjects and Americans were valid; establishment to the northern (Canada) and southern (Florida) borders--> Benjamin Franklin
78
Republicanism
all power comes directly from the people/sovereignty lies with the people
79
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
1786; author: Thomas Jefferson---> disestablished Virg. Anglican Church
80
"Republican motherhood"
belief mothers were responsible for raising informed and self-reliant citizens led to more education for women--> expansion of female literacy
81
Northwest Ordinance
Created a single Northwest Territory; set up process by which each territory could become a state--> new states legally equal to older states; guaranteed freedom of religion and the right to trial by jury; slavery was prohibited throughout the territory; did not affect Western lands south of Ohio River (Kentucky and Tenn.)--> more chaotic development and slavery was allowed to spread westward
82
Land Ordinance
created system by which western lands/"public domain" could be surveyed and sold ; land north of Ohio River--> townships, 6 miles and contain 36 one square mile sections, 4 sections for central govt from each township, revenue from sale of one township was to support creation of a public school
83
Shay's Rebellion
ignited interest to adress certain issues with weak Articles of Confederation;led by Daniel Shays (veteran of Revolutionary War)- it was a reaction against state taxes and crippling debt (debtors who failed to pay taxes had mortgages foreclosed, property seized, or jailed); demanded tax relief, paper money, abolition of imprisonment for debt; travelled in armed bands to prevent sheriffs from selling confiscated land; rebellion out down
84
Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention
demands from military men, Americna manufacturers, merchants and shippers, land speculators, creditors, and large property owners demanded to change Confederation; 1786- little interest in Philadelphia Convention that changed by early 1787 due to Shay's Rebellion
85
Virginia Plan
favored large states; Madison, proposed by Edmund Randolph; bicameral legislature; 1st lower house- representation determined by population, lower house selects representation of second upper house
86
New Jersey Plan
William Patterson; favored small states; unicameral legislature, equal representation, expanded power of Congress to tax and regulate commerce
87
Great Compromise
accepted by July 1787; bicameral legislature: Congress, Senate-equal representation (2 per state) elected by state legislatures, House of Representatives (representation based on population: proportional representation)
88
3/5 Compromise
slaves counted as 3/5 of a person in determining representation and taxation
89
The Constitution
bundle of compromises; written by powerful, prominent, and experienced political leaders, less trustful of human nature: self interest guides humans rather than civic virtue; property had to be protected by govt.; belief in republicanism and republican govt.; "the people" to exercise direct control over govt.; no definition of citizenship, no Bill of Rigths at first, slavery recognized although "slavery" not in document
90
Charles Beard's Constitution Thesis
Belief that the Founding Fathers created the Constitution to protect their own economic interests
91
Ratification of the Constitution Debate
Articles of Confederation accepted new Consittution--> sent to states for approval; Opponenets (Anti-Federalists): older, less cosmopolitan, backwoods/frontier: feared central power; wanted Bill of Rights; ultimately ratified because delegates elected by special election, direct appeal to the people, over the heads of state legislatures; support of Washington and Franklin, support of ablest political thinkers, promise to add Bill of Rights
92
The Federalist Papers
supportive essays written by John Jay, Madison, and Hamilton that justified why Consitution should be ratified
93
James Madison
Democratic-Republican; 4th president of the U.S.;important ally for Hamilton---> got Virginia legislature to call interstate conference on commercial issues: Annapolis Convention; later began to disagree with Alexander Hmailton on certain party issues; came up with Virginia plan: 2 house bicameral legislature; aka "Father of the Constitution", against a bill of rights bc didn't want to limit rights, oppose Hamilton's economic plan; see p.3 in The Early Republic Notework
94
Alexander Hamilton
leading reformer of the Articles of Confederation, Federalist, called for national convention to overhaul Confederation; Secretary of Treasury, goal-to make US economically diverse; raise capital through bank establishment, bolster national credit, and support for industrial development
95
Bill of Rights
first ten ammendments to Constitution; goal-preservation of unalienable rights
96
Washington Presidency (1789-1797)
military leader, president, and statesman; kept U.S army in the field against the British in Americna Revolution (1775-1783), prevented potential military overthrow of central govt (Newburgh Conspiracy); voluntarily surrendered military power (1784); served as president of Philadelphia Convention (1787); did not become a dictator; implemented Constitution; supported Alexander Hamilton's establishment of US financial system; kept America out of European wars and emphasized need for America to remain neutral in world affairs; ordered freedom of slaves in will upon his death
97
Hamilton's Economic Program
make US economically diverse; raise capital by encouraging wealthy to invest in US; bolster the national credit; establish Bank of the US, support industrial development
98
Establishment of Washington D.C. as nation's capital
solved by "dinner table" compromise on location of capital NYC-->DC; divided financial and political center of US until 1930s
99
Neutrality Proclamation
1793; US would remain neutral in world affairs, warned Americans to be impartial toward European conflicts
100
Jay's Treaty
Britain agreed to withdraw from forts and loosened some trade restrictions yet did not guarantee no more seizures of U.S. ships; treaty angered many Americans; Jay hanged in effigy and barely passed Senate, established undisputed American sovereignty over Northwest; satisfactory commercial treaty; prevented war with Great Britain
101
Whisky Rebellion
1794: excise revenues/taxes on whisky; uprising b/w western P.A. Farmers; Hamilton saw rebellion as opportunity to use fed. power; Washington led large army (13000)--> rebellion disappeared angered and frightened Jefferson and supporters
102
First Party System: Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans
Created in reaction to Hamilton's controversial economic plan, urban + complex economy + aristocracy of merit" + central power + loose interpretation vs. agriculture + limited central power + strict interpretation
See p. 3 in The Early Repubic
103
Washington's Farewell Adress
US should avoid "permanent alliances" and "factions"
104
John Adams Presidency (1797-1801)
support of Haitian Revolution (Haitian slaves overthrew French rulers) despite opposition from slaveowners; Federalists increased majorities in Congress; signed Alien and Sedition Acts yet cautious of its implementation
105
XYZ Affair
France angered by Jay's Treaty---> captured U.S. Ships and imprisoned their crews; American delegation sent to France to negotiate; three agents of French foreign minister demanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials before negotiations could begin; Americans refused
106
Quasi-War
undeclared naval war with France: 1798-1800 and Department of the Navy created
107
Alien and Sedition Acts
raised residency requirements for citizenship (from 5-14 years); aliens could be deported if govt. believed they were a threat to national security; president was given powr to jail aliens during wartime; federal govt. was given power to prosecute those engaged in "sedition" (=creating rebellion against govt.)
108
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Reaction against Alien and Sedition Acts and anonymously authored by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson; federal govt. had been formed by a compact or contract among states; federal govt. possessed only certain delegated powers; states had the right to "nullify" laws by the federal govt. that exceeded its delegated powers (state interposition); elevated disputes b/w the Federalists and the Republicans into national crisis-----> bitter divisions
109
Election of 1800
Adams v. Jefferson; one of the dirtiest in American history; decided by the House of Representatives; Jefferson won despite attempt by his Vice President Aaron Burr to become president; Jefferson saw it as a revolution because he believed it overthrew the coup tear-revolutionary Hamilton- Federalist program; led to 12th Amendment; first time political faction/party peacefully surrendered political power to opponents
110
Jefferson Presidency (1801-1809)
unify nation after bitter 1800 election; pardoned those by Alien and Sedition Acts; limit govt. role in economy; reduction in govt. spending, abolished all internal taxes, Bank of U.S. not eliminated--> appointed Republican to head bank; John Marshall: Chief Justice
111
Louisiana Purchase
doubled size of U.S.; expansion of presidential power; demonstrated Jefferson's change in constitution interpretation; increased power of Republicans: more land--> more farmers--> more Republicans; gave Americans visions of becoming a transcontinental nation
112
Lewis and Clark Expedition
gave Americans vision of becoming a transcontinental nation (Corps of Discovery 1804-1806) due to their expedition reaching the Pacific Ocean
113
Burr Conspiracy
Burr publicly advocated conquest of Mexico with rumors of Burr plan to separate southwest U.S. (Louisiana territory) p to create a new nation--> demonstrated potential instability of the U.S.: large geographical area with weak central govt.; Constitution would be strictly interpreted in treason trials
114
Immpressment
British impressment of U.S. Sailors: act of taking men into a navy by force and with or without notice
115
Chesapeake-Leopard incident
(1807): British attacked U.S. ship--> war fever
116
Embargo Act
"peaceable coercion"; forbade U.S. Ships from sailing to any foreign ports; economic depression esp. in New England states; controversial (and unconstitutional?)attempts to enforce Embargo Act
117
Tenskawata/"The Prophet"
charismatic religious leader and orator who inspired a religious revival among the Indians and unified many Indian tribes
118
Tecumseh and the Indian Confederation
brother of Tenskawatawa; more secular and created Indian Confederation unifying Indian tribes to resist U.S. Westward expansion; no Indian tribe could cede any land without the permission of the other Indian tribes
119
Madison Presidency (1809-1817)
received pressure from the War Hawks and thus declared war in 1812; 1st Bank of the U.S. Renewed in 1811; worked go create 2nd Bank of the U.S. in 1816
120
"War Hawks"
new, young generation of political leaders, aggressive to conquer Flordia and Canada and believed Britain lacked respect for U.S.; most influential West and Southern backcountry; strongly pushed for war with Britain
121
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
conflict with Western Indians; Rise and pressure from war Hawks; denial of U.S. Neutral rights by Britain--> U.S. belief that Britain did not respect U.S.;resulted in reduction of threat from Europe, ended American Dream of military conquest of Canada, trans-Appalachian Indian threat destroyed; increased feelings of American Patriotism (Era of Good Feelings); stimulated growth of U.S. inspdustry and domestic market--> creation of (protective) Tariff of 1826 and 2nd Bank of U.S.; Federalist Party permanently damaged
122
Hartford Convention
New England states and Federalists opposed War of 1812- believed the war was plot by southern and western states to acquire more territory (thus expand power); secession discussed but not supported; advocated nullification, not secession; proposed 7 Amendments to Constitution---> protect New England states from growing influence of West and South; limit power of federal govt.
123
Battle of New Orleans
(1815); US forces led by Andrew Jackson, tremendous American victory, fought after Treaty of Ghent signed--> gave Americans impression they had won war
124
Monroe Presidency (1817-1825)
last of the Virginia Dynasty; Cabinet- inclusion of Federalists and Republicans; northerners and southerners; goodwill tour of the United States; foreign policy success (Transcontinental/Adams Onis Treaty--->Spain ceded Florda and established border b/w U.S. and Spanish Mexico; Tariff of 1824; end of First Party system: Demise of the Federalists; Era of Good Feelings
125
Era of Good Feelings
political party competition disappeared: 1829 election: Monroe ran unopposed; no important international threats; expansion of the economy and trade; growth of settlement and trade in the West--> creation of new states: Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama
126
Monroe Doctrine
1823: Western Hemisphere was no longer open to new European colonization; any European attempt to extend their politicos systems to the Americas would be seen as a threat to the U.S.; U.S. would not get involved in European affairs; NONCOLONIZATION & NONINTERVENTION
127
U.S. Industrial Revolution
transformation of manufacturing: power driven machines took place of hand-operated tools---> 1700s England and 1800s America (especially after 1815)
128
Eli Whitney
cotton gin and (debatably) interchangeable parts
129
Tariff of 1816
first protective tarif fin U.S. History
130
Second Bank of the U.S.
similar posts as First Bank and power to force state banks to issue only sound notes yet could not stop state banks from issuing notes
131
National Road
Albert Gallatin proposed (1807); construction began (1811); began at Cumberland, MD(on Potomac River); reached Ohio River (1818) and St. Louis, Missouri
132
Robert Fulton
improvement of steamboat: Clermont invented by Fulton promoted by Robert Livingston: sailed up Hudson River (1807)
133
Erie Canal
(1817) --> increase in economic importance of NYC
134
Bonus Bill veto
central govt. financing of internal improvements; James Madison vetoed it because he believed it was unconstitutional
135
Lowell-Waltham system
developed improved power loom (better than Britain) and organized Boston Manufacturing Co. (1813); founded 1st U.S. mill that spun and wove under one roof; New England
136
"Separate spheres"
changes in family life led to this by the effect of market capitalistbrevolution on American society; "cult of domesticity"; women's role apart from men's
137
John Marshall Supreme Court
shaped interpretation of the Constitution (loose=constitutional); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of fed. Govt. over state govts.; supporter of economic activity; recognized Indian sovereignty
138
Marbury vs. Madison
1803: established judicial review
139
Gibbons decision
Congress alone regulated interstate commerce
140
Dartmouth College Decision
corporation contracts wee inviolable and could not be controlled by state govts.; placed restrictions on the power of state govts. to control corporations
141
McCullogh decision
upheld constitutionality of Bank of the United States; Congress had "implied powers" because of the "necessary and proper" clause; established loose/broad construction/interpretation of the Constitution as constitutional
142
Worcester decision
invalidated Georgia law that required U.S. citizens entering Cherokee territory to obtain permission from governor of Geordie (attempt to keep out white missionaries); tribes were sovereign entities
143
Antebellum urbanization-
movement westward mostly farmers, due to population pressures and economic pressures; availability of new lands; decline of Indian resistance
144
Squatters & preemption
western settlers (usually poor) who developed public land before they purchased it; demanded "right of preemption"= right to buy at minimum price land they developed before offered at auction sale; 1841- Congress recognized general right of preemption
145
Panic of 1819
decreased demand for American farm goods, new management at the Bank of the U.S. Worried about espxcessige credit; began to call in loans of individuals and state banks; state banks did not have money to pay back loans, closed down, depositors lost money, individuals did not have money--> lost land; economic depression until 1823; beginning of the end of "Era of Good Feelings"--> sectionalism, divisions among Republicans in Election of 1824; animosity b/w West to East especially bankers
146
Sectionalism
end of the "Era of Good Feelings"; divisions among Republicans, Western animosity toward the east, slavery issue of national and Congrssional debate
147
Missouri Crisis and Compromise
made slavery into an issue of national and Congressional debate when Missouri applied for statehood that would upset balance b/w number of slave and free states; Congress voted to admit Missouri as a slave state. To preserve the sectional balance, it also voted to admit Maine, previously a part of Massachusetts, as a free state, and to prohibit the formation of any slave states within the Louisiana Purchase north of 36º 30' north latitude
148
Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America
one feature of American society stuck him as "fundamental"; the general equality of condition among the people
149
"Corrupt bargain"
Clay appointed Secretary of State for Adams-->Adams/Clay deal: "corrupt bargain" by angry Jackson supporters
150
Henry Clay
Speaker of the House; supported Adams; Jacksona formidable opponent--> Secretary of State for Adams-->Adams/Clay deal: "corrupt bargain"
151
"Americans system"
knit together different U.S. Sections into unified economic system, create a home market for factory and farm producers; raise protective tariff, strengthen national bank, finance internal improvements
152
Jackson Presidency (1829-1837)
first president from the West, first Populist president, no college education, nominated at a formal party conventionl, first president to use veto against legislation he opposed, not only unconstitutional legislation, presidency: only office that is voted for by all Ameicans, so president can act independently of Congress, equal benefits, no bank, Spoils system, party conventions, Taney Court
153
Universal manhood suffrage
spread of democratic ideology; limits: South- voting rules favored planters and politicians of older countries, no secret ballot, women couldn't vote, free black stripped of voting rights in some states (Pennsylvania): 1840: 80% white males voted
154
"Spoils system"
govt. jobs went to supporters of elected office-holders
155
National party conventions
to nominate presidential candidates; Jacksonian opposition to congressional caucus: enlist; party convention seen as a victory for democracy: power would arise directly from people; AntiMasons the first; delegates to convention usually members of local party elites; some expansion of political opportunity, but less than what Jackson claimed
156
Maysville Road Veto
government should not aid economic development (intrastate with federal funds)vetoed (1830)
157
Daniel Webster
Senator from Massachusetts; considered greatest orator of his day; Liberty and Union inseparable; influenced northern youth--> Civil War
158
Liberty and Union Speech
Jackson: "Our Federal Union--it must be preserved" Calhoun: "The Union next to our liberty most dear"
159
John C. Calhoun
Vice President to Jackson who later became Senator; South Carolina Exposition and Protest- Calhoun's theory: right of nullification; "The Union next to our liberty most dear"
160
"Tariff of Abominations"
angered South Carolinians and blamed for economic stagnation--> nullification
161
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Calhoun's theory: right of nullification; fed. Govts. creation of the states-states were final judges of consituionality of fed. laws; states hold special convention and declare unconstitutional law null and void within the state; law would remain void until 3/4 of state ratified it as an amendment of Constituiton; if ratified, nullifying state would decide b/w submitting or seccedign from Union
162
Nullification Crisis
tariffs of 1828 and 1832 nullified, collection of tariffs forbidden within the state; Calhoun became senator; Jackson's Force Bill authorized President to use military to enforce acts of Congress; individual state cannot defy federal govt. alone, increased sense among Southerners as "permanent minority" threat of succession rather than nullification began to be seen as their ultimate weapon
163
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Henry Clay's tariff gradually lowered--> protective tariff eliminated
164
(Eastern) Indian Removal
goal of Jackson: removal of Indians west of Mississippi River; supported by most Americans; noble savages--> savages: seen as dangerous and white westerners wanted valuable Indian land
165
Trail of Tears (1838)
Van Buren used treaty with minority faction of Georgia Cherokees that majority opposed, army led by Winfield Scott forced 7000 Cherokees westward, trail where they cried and many perished along the way
166
Bank War
Nicholas Biddle (president of 2nd blank) Jackson opposite bank as a Monster; Jackson vetoed its recharter bill--> U.S. Banking system remained fragmented and unstable, contributed to Panic of 1837
167
Taney Court
private property and activities of corporations can be regulated by state legislatures; Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge- object of govt. was to promote the general happiness and has precedence over property rights, state govts. had right to change or eliminate a contract if necessary to advance the well-being of the community; beliefs of Jacksonian- expansion of economic opportunity
168
Democrats
similar to Thomas Jefferson, fed. govt. should have limited power, skeptical of market capitalism, support for territorial expansion; Irish and German Catholics; Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Thomas Hart Benton
169
Second Party System: Whigs
opposed Andrew Jackson; similar to Federalists; fed. govt. should aid internal improvements, rise of market capitalism, U.S. should be knitted together in unified economic system, world power; ambitious farmers, wealthy Southern planters, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun
170
Martin Van Buren Presidency (1837-1841)
democrat who defeated three Whigs, won due to 1836 economic boom, canal and railroad builders were extremely active, easy credit, land sales booming; opposed govt. intervention into economy on order to stop depression, created "Independent treasury"/"Subtreasury" system
171
Panic of 1837
caused by land speculation and easy credit, Distribution act weakened let banks, Jackson tried to stop land circulation, international economic problems, crop failures, collapse in international cotton prices--> worldwide economic depression, lasted 5 years
172
Election of 1840
Whigs: William Henry Harrison and John Tyler vs. Martin Van Buren; presented themselves as party of the common man and used Democratice techniques of Jacksonian Democrats; Whigs used women in political compaigns; Whig victory ; first mass election; 80% white males voted; demonstrated that a stable, Democratic, and popular 2 party system existed
173
Noah Webster
Connecticut schoolmaster and lawye; simplified and Americanized system of spelling; encourage distinctive American culture and aid national unification; first dictionary issued in 1806; numerous printings The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)
174
James Fenimore Cooper
first truly American novelist: focus on Anericans and America itself, "Leatherstocking Tales"- The Last of the Mochians; The Deerslayer
175
Walt Whitman
self-proclaimed poet of American Democracy- Leaves of Grass
176
Herman Melville
anti-Transcendentlaist; pessimistic view of mankind; Moby Dick; strength of individual will: tragedy of pride and revenge, search for fulfillment and triumph
177
Nathaniel Hawthorne
original resident of Brook Farm; disillusionment in The Blithedale Romance- disastrous consequences of embers end in individuals; anti-transcendentalist; pessimistic view of mankind
178
Hudson Valley School of Art
pre-photography with no humans; focus on nature landscape: Pride in Maerica and nationalism in art
179
Oneida community
1848; "Perfectionists"; founded by John Humphrey Noyes; rejected traditional notions of family and marriage; no permanent conjugal ties; not "free love"; children raised communally; liberating women of male lust
180
Shakers
1770s founded by Mother Ann Lee; shake ways sin while chanting; practiced complete celibacy; no children born into it so all believers had to voluntarily join faith
181
Mormons
most persecuted religion in U.S. History; upstate "burned-over district" New York; Joseph Smith; polygamy; Utah
182
Ralph Waldo Emerson
leader of Transcendentalist move,net; wrote "Nature" "Self-Reliance"
Transcendentalists- beloved in "over soul"; embraced theory of individual; New Englanders influenced by European romanticism
183
Henry David Thoureau
transcendentalist; went to jail rathe pay poll tax in protest against Mexican War, wrote "Resistance to Government/On Civil Disobedience"; supported Johnn Brown
184
Second Great Awakening
2nd great religious revival, in American history; early 1800s; reaction against drop in traditional religious practice; against Deism and Unitarianism (did not provide emotional connection to God or feeling of salvation); every individual capable of salvation and spiritual rebirth
185
Charles Finney
urban/city preacher; successful; NYC; "burned-over district" of NY (Erie canal area of upstate New York)
186
Mount Holyoke college
first women's college
187
Oberon college
first college to accept women
188
Lucretia Mott
feminist, met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at a world antislavery convention, began agitation for women's rights
189
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
feminist, met Lucretia Mott at a world antislavery convention, began agitation for women's rights
190
Seneca Falls Convention
New York convention on women's rights; all men and women are created equal, rejection of the belief in "separate spheres" in society; women's suffrage; to women's demands secondary to antislavery movement
191
Susan B. Anthony
activist for women's rights, feminist, part of women's suffrage movement
192
Catherine Beecher
part of influential family in Second Great Awakening: "separate spheres"
193
Horace Mann
father of public school system; first secretary of Mass. Board of Education; educated electorate was essential for a republic and to maintain social order
194
Maine Laws
1851; sale and manufacturing of alcohol prohibited; Neil Dow- leader, 13 states follow suit by 1855
195
Dorothea Dix
began national movement got new methods to treat the mentally ill
196
Penitentiaries
new form of discipline and institutions to rid criminals of lawlessness
197
American Colonization Society
1817; challenged slavery without challenging property rights of Southerners: slaveowners would be compensated through private funds, private charities, or stat legislatures; blacks would be shipped out of country to esta lisa own country; received funding from Congress and some state legislatures; arrang Ed some blacks to be shipped out of U.S.; established Liberia (1830); unsuccessful, too expensive, too many blacks, and much opposition
198
Abolitionism
antislavery movement and advocating of black rights
199
William Lloyd Garrison
radical abolitionist; slavery must be viewed from the perspective of blacks not whites; immediate emancipation of slaves, no financial compensation for slaveowners, all blacks must receive full citizenship rights as Americans; founded American Antislavery Society
200
The Liberator
1831- abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison
201
Frederick Douglas
most famous black abolitionist; former slave; Advocated freedom from slavery and full citizenship rights for all blacks
202
Wendell Phillips
abolitionist
203
David Walker
Appeal to the Colored Citizens (1829)- U.S. belonged to blacks more than whites and slaves should kill their masters
204
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
blacks attempted to escape North with the aid of sympathetic individuals: difficult due to distance and white slave patrols; series of safe houses which attempted to assist runaway slaves on Northern journey; most famous conductor
205
"King Cotton"
most important economic development in antebellum South-shift of economic power from "upper south" to "lower south" due to expansion of agriculture in new S. States; increased power and influence of cotton on Southern economy
206
Upper South
unstable marker and depleted soil for tobacco had farmers shift to other crops or moved tobacco cultivation westward or seel slaves; manufacturing: growth in flour milling, textiles, iron manufacturing
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Deep South
cotton kingdom drew settlers by thousands; moved slave population to lower/Deep South
208
Planter class
political domination; whites that owned at least 20-50 slaves and 800 or more acres; exercised immense power and influence over political, economic, and social life of region; few "Old South"; mostly "new money"
209
Southern yeoman farmers
more than half of southerners were modest yeoman farmers, most owned no slaves, limited economic opportunity yet hoped to become planters, few educational opportunities
210
Toussaint L'Ouverture rebellion in Haiti (1804)
led successful slave rebellion in Haiti/Santo Dominique (1791-1804)
211
Denmark Vesey rebellion (1822)
Slave rebellion in South Carolina discovered before it began
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Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
slave rebellion; almost 60 whites killed; over 100 blacks executed--> increased fear of slave revolt same year as the inauguration of Garrison's abolitionist newspaper The Liberator
213
George Fitzhugh
"Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right of protection. The right of protection involves the obligation to obey." Southern white men gave great importance to defense of women--> Southern white women more subordinate than Northern women
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Manifest Destiny
belief U.S. was designed (by God &/or history/providence, etc.) to expand its boundaries over a vast area (included but not restricted to the North American continent)
215
"Great American Desert"
Stephen Long labeled Great Plains this
216
"Mountian men"
fur trappers "first wedge of a white movement into lands"; would ultimately dominate
217
Texas Revolution (1836)
American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Battles Alamo and Goliad - Americans massacred; Battle of San Jacinto: Sam Houston-led Texan forces defeated and captured Santa Anna--> signed treaty giving independence to Texas; rejected by Mexican legislature
218
Overland Trails
Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, California Trail; wagon trains- collective experience w/ great hardships trip lasted 5-6 months with helpful Indians and rare attacks (more Indians killed than whites)
219
Joseph Smith
1844 Mormon founder arrested and charged with treason (accused of conspiring to win foreign support for new Mormon colony in the Southwest); angry mob killed him
220
Mormon Migration to Utah
led by Brigham Young
221
Brigham Young
Joseph Smith's successor; led 12000 Mormons to settle in Utah began in March 1846
222
Oregan Country
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming, half of British Columbia, both U.S. and Britain claimed sovereignty; 1818 joint occupation (citizens of both countries had equal access to territory)
223
John C. Fremont
"pathfinder"; mapped Oregan Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged westward movement
224
Polk Presidency (1845-1849)
reduction of the tariff, reestablishment of the Independent Treasury, annexation of Texas, Settlement of Oregon Question, and Acquisiton of California
225
Mexican War (1846-1848)
Polk decided to declare war in Mexico for rejecting Slidell Misssion and refusing to honor financial obligation to U.S.
226
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
David Wilmot (antislavery democrat from Pennsylvania) stated that slavery should be prohibited in any territory captured from Mexico
227
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
negotiated by Nicholas Trist: Mexico surrendered California and New Mexico territory; accepted Rio Grande as Texas border; U.S. assumed claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico and paid Mexico $15 million
228
California Gold Rush
gold discovered in 1848; dramatic increase in population ("forty-niners"), arrival of Chinese, destruction of California Indians, increased pressure on federal govt. to establish more effective and stable govt in California
229
Compromise of 1850
as proposed by Henry Clay: California admitted as free state, rest of Mexican territory without restrictions on slavery, Texas yield to anew Mexico in border dispute and federal govt. assumed Texas' public debt, slave trade banned in D.C., new and more effective fugitive slave law passed (for South in exchange for CA being free state)
230
Cyrus McCornick and John Deere steel plow
created mechanical reaper; new commercial agriculture due to rise in technology
231
Antebellum mass immigration (1840s & 1850s)
enlarged urban population due to largest immigration in US history; 23 million-31 million--> major groups: native farming classes of Northeast and immigrants from Europe; 10% of US population was foreign born
232
"Know-Nothing's" and the American Party
won few local elections; declined after 1854; most lasting contribution: aided in the collapse of the Second Party system; helped create new national political alignments
233
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom (1852)
reaction against compromise of 1850; most influential (in affecting an immediate political controversy) novel in USA history--> increased support for antislavery cause
234
Fugitive Slave Act
any person could be deputized to capture runaway salves: refusal--> imprisonment and fine; only testimony heard by federal commissioner was from slave ower; federal commissioner would receive $19 for slate that was retuned but $5 for slave that was freed
235
Anthony Burns Controversy (1853)
fugitive slave who was caught by slave catchers with the aid of federal govt.; a federal officer was killed while preventing the freeing of bUrns by abolitionist activists; Burns sent back to the South as a slave
236
"Young America" Movement-
President Pierce tried to end sectional controversy by supporting this movement; continuing Manifest Destiny, supporters hoped expansion of American democracy would divert Ameficans' attention
from slavery issue
237
Gadsden Purchase
acquisition of Southern California
238
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
organize rest of Louisiana territory--> created 2 territories: Kansas and Nebraska; existence of slavery work be determines by popular sovereignty (=residents of a particular territory decide in the existence if slavery through their territorial govts.) --> eliminate antislavery provisions of Missouri Compromise
239
Stephen Douglas
wanted railroad's eastern headquarters to originate in Chicgao; Douglas' plan was in competition with a southern route that would travel through southern part of Arizona; Thus, he needed to organize the rest of the western territory--> Kansas Nebraska Act
240
"Free-soil" ideology
slavery was dangerous because threat to whites; slavery was threat to the right of all cities to own property, control own labor, and have opportunity for advancement, "free soil" for white would be lots to slavery
241
Republican Party
made up of "Conscience" Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soileds who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act
242
"Bleeding Kansas"
pro slavery and antislavery settlers fled to Kansas where many bloody conflicts broke out
243
Pottawatomie massacre
John Brown, an antislavery fanatic, and his sons killed five pros lager settlers in response to the "sack of Lawrence" and caning of Charles Sumner
244
Sack of Lawarence
bloody conflicts broke out in Kansas b/w pro slavery and antislavery settlers
245
Beating of Charles Sumner
Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a heavy cane in the floor of the Senate. Brooks barely escaped censure by the House of Representatives; resigned his seat and was reelected
246
Dred Scott decision
Scott was not a U.S. Citizen so could not bring suit to federal courts; no black could be a citizen nor did they have rights whites had to respect; slaves were property protected by 5th Amendment
247
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
made Lincoln famous; Lincoln was opposed to slavery fro moral, political, and economic reasons; wanted to develop a gradual emancipation plan not immediate as most abolitionists
248
Black Republicanism
believed Republicans wanted to have race equality
249
"Slave power"
believed South (Slave Power) wanted to extend slavery throughout nation and destroy Northern capitalism; by allowing slavery to spread to western territories, "free soil" for white would be lots to slavery
250
John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry
1859: John Brown seeking to start a revolt, took over military arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia; attempt failed; a Brown was forced to surrender; tried for treason, found guilty, and hanged
251
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln won vs. split in Democratic Party:John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, constitutional Union Party (former Whigs): John Bell; Southerners vowed secession due to Republican Victory
252
Secession Crisis
Southern Sates vowed secession from Union if Republicans won; S. Carolina first to secede--> Mississippi, Flirida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas--> formed Confederate States of America
253
Confederate States of America
never gained recognition from any country, many observers believed they would initially win the war because of more advantages (defensive war and better military) but it was not a tactical war it was strategical; Jefferson Davis president and Alexander Stephens Vice President
254
Jefferson Davis
president of Confederacy (Misssissippi)
255
Lincoln Presidency
(1861-1865) Republican; emphasized evil of slave power, not radical, refused to accept dissolution of Union older than Consitution; effective commander in chief, took advantage of Northern material advantages in Civil War; destruction of Confederate army and not just occupation of territory, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
256
Civil War (1861-1865)
centered on two issues: slavery and whether the republic would stand: Norht and South under Lincoln's presidency; most casualties in this war in Americna history: military, political, ideological; economic; and social war
257
New York City draft riot
over 100 killed by opposition of Union draft from immigrants, labor, and "Peace Democrats"/ "Copperheads"
258
Lincoln's restriction of civil liberties
ignored parts of Consitution, ordered military arrests of civil of military dissenters, suspended havens corpus (right of a person to be informed of legal charges and released from detention if judge determines there's insufficient evidence to hold them) before Congress did, rocklike do that all people who discouraged enlistments of engaged in disloyal practices were subject to martial law--> Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham, opposed slavery in federal territories
259
"Copperheads"/ Peace Democrats
opposed Union Military Draft, and their opposition was a Union disadvantage
260
Republican economic legislation (during Civil War)
Morrill Tariff, National Banking Act, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Acts, Conract Labor Law
261
Confederate Financing of War
requisitioning funds from states, income tax, and borrowing unable to raise significant funds--> printing of paper currency; no uniform currency system--> inflation
262
Union Financing of War
taxation (levied taxes), the paper currency (greenbacks), borrowing form Anerican people and banks and large financial interests
263
Confederate Constitution
similar to U.S. Constitution except recognized sovereignty of states; specifically sanctioned slavery; line-item Beto; president: 6 yes.; banned international slave trade and protective tariff
264
Siege of Vicksburg
it's capture by the Union army under General Grant placed Misssissippi River under total control of the Union and split the Confederacy in half
265
Battle of Gettysburg
bloodiest battle of war; largest battle in history of W. Hemisphere, Lee's second invasion of North resulted in defeat of his army; never recovered casualties
266
Election of 1864
attempted to create coalition of groups that supported war- Union Tocket, Republicans and a small number of War Democrats, nominated Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; Union victories (Atlanta) and arrangement to allow Union troops to vote won Lincoln the election---> Confederacy would lose and slavery was dead
267
Sherman's March
1864: batter capture of Atlanta-"Total war" in Savannah, Georgia; Sherman's army then turned North and marched through S. Carolina continuing destruction; origins of "forty acres and a mule"
268
"Total war"
type of vital warfare practiced by Grant and Sherman to destroy resources
269
Confiscation Acts
all slaves used for insurrectionary purposes considered freed, slaves of persons aiding and supporting insurrection declared free; authorized president to employ blacks (including freed slaves) as soldiers
270
Emancipation Proclamation
(1862-1863) slaves were forever free in areas still in rebellion against U.S.; exempted areas under Union control; did not apply to border states, committed govt. to actively and massively enlisted blacks into Union army as making abolition of slavery a Union war goal
271
13th Amendment (1865)-
abolished slavery
272
Civil War's effect on women
women thrust into new roles because of loss to men to battlefield: teachers, retail sales clerks, office workers, mill and factory hands, esp. nursing; end of Civil War- women were dominant force in nursing and teaching
273
Clara Barton
collected and distributed war supplies; impt. figure in nursing profession; founder of American Red Cross
274
Reconstruction
period after Civil War- issues: status of former Confederate states in reunited Union, political, social, and economic position of newly freed slaves; Southernes nested to retain slave-type system and continue domination of Southern blacks even though so srry was eliminated
275
Freedman's Bureau
aid from federal govt; provided food, clothing, and medical care to war refugees (white and black), education (southern public schools), settlement of freedmen on abandoned or confiscated land, mediator b/w freedmen and employers, head: Gen, Oliver Howard; initial authority to operate for 1 yr---> attempts to extend its existence led to political conflict
276
Presidential Reconstruction plan-Lincoln
10% plan: New Southern state govts. could exist when 10% of Southern voters (of 1860 election) pledged loyalty to U.S. abolished slavery (by accepting E.Proc.); encourage Southern Unionists and former Whigs to join Republican Party---> keep read mission of Confederate states from aiding Democrats; black suffrage for educated, property-owning, and service in Union military blacks; delegates had to swear Ironclad Oath, new state constitutions: renounce secession as illegal, abolish slavery, disfranchised Confederate civil and military leaders, and repudiate Confederate govt. debts
277
Presidential Reconstruction plan- Johnson
combination of Lincoln and Wade-Davis plans, but ultimately lenient to southern whites; rapid read mission of Confederate states; appointed provisional governors, offered amnesty to Doutherners who took oath of allegiance: prohibited Confederate leaders and major property holders from taking oath---> apply to President for individual pardons (lenient to keeps blacks "in line"), state conventions called to draft new state constitutions: invalidate ordinances of succession and Confederate war debt, ratify 13th amendment
278
Andrew Johnson Presidency (1865-1869)
Southern Democrat from Tennessee who remained with Union; philosophically similar to Jefferson and Jackson: states' rights; wanted to reestablish political alliance b/w South and West; wanted to punish rich Southerners in orde to help Southern yeoman farmers; called for harsh treatment of Confederates---> Radicals believed Johnson supported them but he was anti-black and stubborn who strongly opposed any significant rights for freedmen
279
Black codes
denied all blacks civil rights; purpose: reestablish control over black workers; guaranteed white supremacy
280
Election of 1866
non-presidential national election; despite vigorous and rascist campaigning by Johnson, Republicans won overwhelming victory--> veto-proof Republican majorities in Congress---> Congres could enact own Reconstrucion plan over Johnson's veto
281
Congressional (radical) Reconstruction plans
1865- Congress refused to seat Southern representation and set up Joint Committee on Reconstruction to investigate southern conditions and help Congress create own Reconstruction plan
282
14th Amendment
defintion of citizenship (born in U.S. or naturalized) and prohibited state govts. from infringing on equal rights of citizens; citizenship and legal equality
283
15th Amendment
states cannot deny suffrage due to race, color, or previous enslavement
284
Frederick Douglas and Lucy Stone v. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
15th amendment caused break b/w abolitionists (black suffrage advocates) and women's suffrage activists
285
Congressional-Radical-Military Reconstruction
Military Reconstruction Act- 10 Southern states except Tennessee were divided into 5 military districts; each district had a military commander with troops; simple oath of allegiance replaced with oath which stated that person never willingly aided Onfederate cause; voters registered; To be re admitted into Union South had to create new state constitutions with black male suffrage, ratify 14th amendment (1868)---> opposition by Johnson and southerners led to additional Reconstruction Acts
286
Andrew Johnson impeachment
Johnson impeached by Congrss for violations Tenure Office Act (=President could only removed Caninet officers with Senate approval; Johnson dismissed Edwin Stanton Radical Republican) and interference with Congressional Reconstrucion; Johnson escaped removal by one vote but presidency crippled
287
Reconstruction southern state governments
although blacks held govt. positions never really achieved dominance; corruption exited no more than in other state govts. during corruption-ridden Gilded Age; increased taxes and public debt did occur to pay for services other states already had like public schools, new constitutions of Southern states: established free public schools for all children, abolished property qualifications for voting and jury duty
288
Scalawags
Southerners who joined the Rpeublican party
289
Carpetbaggers
Northernes who settled in the South
290
"Forty acres and a mule"
Gen. Sherman's Special Field Order #15 reserved 40 acre land plots with old mules in coastal S. Carolina, Georgia, and Forida for freedmen; by end of 1865 most land returned because seemed to radical for most Repulbicans
291
Dunning school of historical interpretation
historian William Dunning wrote Reconstruction was oppressive to South; Carpetbaggers, along with scalawags placed into positions of government power ignorant, illiterate, unqualified blacks, Reconstruciton govts. were corrupt and increased public debt and taxes.
292
Ku Klux Klan
founded by Confederate cavalry commander, Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret societ formed to control ex-slaves and not allow the blacks to change political, economic, or social structure of the South; use of rituals, costumes, secret languages, unified members and terrified victims; "Midnight rides" created terror in Southern black community
293
Force Acts (during Reconstruction)
1870; Congress moved to break power of Klan; gave expanded and unprecedented power to enforce Congressional laws; made it a felony to interfere with the right to vote; also unauthorized use of the army and suspension of the writ of habeas corpus
294
Mississippi Plan
1875: advocated that white Democratic Southerners gain political power by any means
295
Election of 1874
violence used in an attempt to have Demorcats regain power in Souther state govts.; wanted to end Reconstruction and Republics to lose power; Colfax Massacre, Vicksburg, Misssissippi- 300 blacks killed by rioting whites
296
White supremacy terrorism (during Reconstruction)
Ku Klux Klan founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest (Confedrate cavlry commander), formed to control ex-slaves, and not allow slaves to change basic political a, social, and economic structure of the South; use of rituals, secret languages, unified members and terrified victims; "Midnight rides"; violence against prominent white and black Republicans: Arkansas- member of Congess killed, S. Carolina- 3 members of legislature assassinated, murders and whippings, Alabama- mob of whites assaulted Republican rally; lynchings seen as legitimate form of law enforcement, means of controlling blacks through terror and intimidation
297
Compromise of 1877
Hayes became president by electoral vote; generous internal improvements; remaining federal troops withdrawn from South (an important sign national govt, had given up attempt to control Southern politics and improve condition of Southern blacks)
298
"Redeemers"
political power restored to white Democrats; corrupt; adopted policies of lower taxation, reduced govt. spending, and reduced state services (education)---> advancement of Reconstruciton goats, largely dismantled
299
Tenant farming
agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor
300
Crop-lien system
country merchants furnished supplies in return for share (liens) on farmers' crops; merchants usually demanded cash crop that could be easily sold at harvest time; for most farmers, hopeless cycle of debt; many lost land
301
Sharecropping
farmer tilled land in return for supplies and share of crop
302
Duke Tobacco
cigarettes through tobacco processing; Duke family began in 1865; 1890-bought out competititons and created American Tobacco Company (90% of U.S. Production)
303
Southern voting discrimination laws
race unity b/w Bourbons and poor whites led to this; poll tax; grandfather clause (affected poor whites as well); Williams v. Mississippi- Supreme Court validated literacy tests; disfranchisement of blacks (Mississippi convention:1890); voting restrictions around constitutional policies
304
Jim Crow Laws
state laws which established segregation in all public facilities and social interaction; stripped blacks of most social, economic, and political rights gained in post-Civil War era; ultimate example of white supremacy over blacks; reduced tensions between poor whites and Bourbons- race unity
305
Civil Rights Cases
1883: Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional because 14th amendment did not prohibit private organizations and individuals from discriminating--> segregation in public accommodations
306
U.S. v. Cruikshank
1876: 14th amendment did not give U.S. government power to suppress ordinary crimes by citizens; U.S. government only involved when state actions denied citizen rights
307
Slaughterhouse Cases
1873: 14th amendment did not create new set of national citizenship rights
308
Plessy v. Ferguson
seperate accommodations did no deprive blacks or rights of accommodations were equal; affected public schools; protested by John Harlan
309
Ida B. Wells
launched movement to ban lynching -> federal anti-lynching law: failed
310
Exodusters
numerous blacks leaving South; ---> Kansas (late 1870s); 1900-more than 90% blacks lived in South; some blacks elevated themselves to middle class; education imp.
311
"Lost Cause" of the Confederacy
"myth"; allegorical, culturalmutation of a historical fact, more false than true; emotional truth; Civil War was fought over states' rights and creation of an independent nation, slavery not cause, Civil War unnecessary to emancipation because would've gradually occurred; the post-Reconstruction interpretation eliminated African-American freedom as a central feature of C.War and allowed post-C.War unity b/w Noth and white South to exclusion of black rights
312
Wilmington Riot/Coup
Mass racial violence-1898: elected biracial Repuclican city government was overthrown by white supremacists; over 20 white and black Repulbicans killed
313
Booker T. Washington
former slave; blacks should attend school, learn practical skills, pursue insutrial (threatening to whites) not classical education; adopt white, middle-class standards of conduct and dress in order to win white respect; gave Atlanta Compromise Speech (1895) accomadation vs. objection
314
"Atlanta Compromise"
blacks should focus on economic gains and not politician and social rights; Booker T. Washington speech (1895); blacks would not challenge segregation; accommodation not objection
315
W.E.B. Du Bois
Attacked Atlanta Compromise: The Souls of Black Folk; Niagra Movement for political and economic equality in 1905; against segregation, disfranchisement, and discrimination disagreed with Booker T. Washington; promoted black education, professionals, demand for immediate restoration of civil rights, opportunity for "talented tenth" (intelligent and educated blacks)
316
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
previously known as the Niagra Movement for political and economic equality, founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, in 1909 was transformed into this by a coalition of blacks and white reformers: worked to extend the principles of tolerance and equal opportunity by mounting legal challenges to Jim Crow; used lawsuits in courts: Guinn v. U.S. (1915)- grandfather clause unconstitutional; membership limited to middle class
317
Transcendentalists
.
318
Fire-eaters
.
319
Oberlin and Mount Holyoke Colleges
.
320
James Henry Hammond
.
