k Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
involuntary. Includes parasympathetic and sympathetic
2
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
voluntary
3
Q
Dopamine
A
movement. Attention. reward.
4
Q
Serotonin
A
Sleep. Pain sensitivity. Mood and hunger regulation
5
Q
Norepinephrine
A
alertness
6
Q
Glutamate
A
excitatory (opposite GABA)
7
Q
GABA
A
inhibitory NT (opposite glutamate)
8
Q
Endorphins
A
painkillers and euphoria
9
Q
Substance p
A
pain. Mood. vasodilation. learning
10
Q
Acetylcholine
A
memory and muscle contraction
11
Q
Leptin
A
regulating hunger and energy
12
Q
Ghrelin
A
measures glucose to inform brain of hunger
13
Q
Melatonin
A
sleep. Controlled by light levels
14
Q
Oxytocin
A
arousal. Parental bonding. childbirth.
15
Q
Agonist
A
stop neural firing
16
Q
Stimulant
A
caffeine and cocaine. Increase neural activity
17
Q
Depressant
A
alcohol. Decrease neural activity
18
Q
Hallucinogen
A
marijuana. Distortions in perception/cognition
19
Q
Opioid
A
heroin. Pain relievers
20
Q
Brain stem
A
basic involuntary functions
21
Q
Reticular activating system (RAS)
A
voluntary movement. Eye movement. Learning. Cognition. Emotion.
22
Q
Cerebellum
A
coordination of muscle movement. Balance. Procedural learning.
23
Q
Occipital lobe
A
control visual information processing
24
Q
Temporal lobes
A
auditory processing
25
Parietal lobes
process and organize information. Process touch
26
Frontal lobes
linguistic processing. complex thinking. executive functioning. Skeletal movements.
27
Split brain research
splitting corpus callosum. Proved differences between hemispheres
28
Left hemisphere functions
speech production and comprehension
29
Broca’s area
speech production
30
Wernicke’s area
speech comprehension
31
Aphasia
unable to process and produce speech
32
EEG
picture of electrical activity in brain
33
MRI
takes pictures
34
NREM sleep
stages 1-3. Decreases throughout the cycle.
35
REM sleep
paradoxical due to high brain activity and deepest sleep. Dreaming. Increases in % as cycle goes on.
36
REM rebound
increase in REM sleep after deprivation
37
Activation-synthesis theory
dreams come from random brain activity during sleep
38
Consolidation theory
dreams help consolidate memories
39
REM sleep behavior disorder
like sleepwalking but violent
40
Absolute threshold
when stimulus can be detected 50% of the time
41
Just-noticeable difference
minimum amount of noticeable change between two levels of stimuli
42
Weber’s law
the greater the amount of stimulus, the greater the difference must be to be perceived
43
Synthesia
one type of sensation is experienced through another sensation. Ex. colors from sound
44
Retina
photosensitive part at back of eye
45
Blind spot
where visual nerve exits eye. No cones or rods present
46
Lens
sends stimuli to retina by accommodation
47
Opponent-process theory
cells respond to opposing pairs of receptors (red/green
48
Trichromatic theory
cones are activated by primary colors and mix to make other colors
49
Fovea
has many cones
50
Wavelengths of three primary colors
blue has short wavelength. yellow has medium wavelength. Red has long wavelength
51
Afterimage cause
ganglion cells in retina stay activated
52
Prosopagnosia
face blindness
53
Pitch
wavelength of sound
54
Amplitude
loudness
55
Place theory
sound waves are sensed at different parts of basilar membrane based on wavelength
56
Volley theory
neurons work together to sense sounds at frequencies they can’t perceive alone
57
Frequency theory
rate of neural impulses correspond to a frequency
58
Sound localization
identification of sound origin
59
Conduction deafness
damage to outer or middle ear that results in deafness
60
Sensorineural deafness
damage to inner ear to auditory cortex that results in deafness.
61
Gate control theory
spinal cord accepts or rejects pain signals from getting to brain
62
Vestibular sense
balance. Detected by semicircular canals
63
Kinesthesis
sense of body movement. Allows for coordination
64
Bottom up processing
perception based on senses
65
Top down processing
perception based on expectations
66
Schema
representation or expectation for a group
67
Perceptual set
predisposition to seeing things a certain way
68
Attention
mix of sensation and perception
69
Change blindness
changes are not noticed due to inattention
70
Relative clarity
distant objects are more blurry
71
Relative size
images further away are smaller
72
Texture gradient
textures are more dense as distance increases
73
Linear perspective
parallel lines seem to get closer as distance increases
74
Interposition
a distant object is blocked by a closer object
75
Concepts
classification of things in world
76
Prototype
a typical example of a concept
77
Assimilation
taking in new information
78
Accommodation
changing schema to incorporate new information
79
Algorithm
attempting all solutions until a correct one is found
80
Heuristics
general rules that are used to quickly make judgements
81
Representativeness heuristic
incorrect decisions are made based on expectations
82
Availability heuristic
recalling the most vivid example that can be thought of
83
Mental set
approaching a problem in a way based on a successful past experience
84
Priming
exposure to one thing impacts response to another thing
85
Framing
how information is presented impacts how it is received
86
Gambler’s fallacy
belief an event is more or less likely due to a series of events that are actually independent
87
Explicit memory
easily described memories. Include episodic and semantic
88
Implicit memory
harder to describe. Includes procedural
89
Long-term potentiation
how synaptic connections become stronger due to use over time
90
Working memory model
working memory interacts with information presentation
91
Multi-store model
information must go through sensory short-term and long-term memory to be remembered
92
Levels of processing
shallow to deep: structural
93
Encoding
process of remembering
94
Spacing effect
information is learned better over time rather than all at once
95
Primacy effect
beginning of list is easier to remember
96
Recency effect
end of list is easier to remember
97
Maintenance rehearsal
method of review often over time to increase memory storage
98
Elaborative rehearsal
method that helps retain memories by thinking about meanings
99
Proactive interference
old information prevents new learning
100
Retroactive interference
new information prevents retrieval of old information
101
Misinformation effect
exposure to wrong information can eventually override the correct information
102
Source amnesia
inability to recall where or how information was learned
103
Constructive memory
memories are reconstructed when they are recalled and are not actually remembered
104
Standardization of tests
test administered with consistent procedures and environments
105
Validity of tests
a test measures what it is supposed to
106
Reliability of tests
test gets similar results each time
107
Flynn Effect
IQ average has increased over time
108
Achievement test
tests what someone knows
109
Aptitude test
tests how someone will perform
110
Sensorimotor stage
infancy to toddlerhood. Object permanence
111
Preoperational stage
toddler to early childhood. Symbols. Pretend play. Cognitive more than physical.
112
Concrete operational stage
early to late childhood. Increased comprehension of world
113
Formal operational stage
late childhood to adulthood. Abstract thinking. Not all people reach this stage.
114
Vygotsky and child development
children are social learners
115
Crystallized intelligence
learning by experience (wisdom)
116
Fluid intelligence
facts
117
Phonemes
distinguishable sounds of a language
118
Morphemes
most basic words in a language
119
Semantics
rules of language
120
Telegraphic speech
basic sentences that are missing grammar
121
Ecological systems theory
social environment influences development. Involves systems
122
Microsystems
group with most influence on individual
123
Mesosystem
how groups interact within microsystem
124
Exosystem
indirect factors affecting individual
125
Chronosystem
individual’s stage of life
126
Avoidant attachment
infant is independent and avoids people
127
Anxious attachment
infant wants closeness and fears abandonment
128
Disorganized attachment
caretaker is unpredictable and causes fear in infant
129
Egocentrism
assumption that one’s perspective is universal
130
Personal fable
in adolescents. Belief that they are more special and unique than others
131
Social clock
order and time of milestones. Dependant on culture
132
All 8 psychosocial stages
trust vs mistrust. Autonomy vs shame and doubt. Initiative vs guilt. Industry vs inferiority. Identity vs role confusion. Intimacy vs isolation. Generativity vs stagnation. Integrity vs despair.
133
ACE
adverse childhood experiences. Depends on culture
134
Identity achievement
finding own identity
135
Identity diffusion
lack of strong identity and has no search
136
Identity foreclosure
strong guidance from adult leads to identity
137
Identity moratorium
inability to find identity
138
Behavioral perspective
focus on observable behavior
139
Classical conditioning
focuses on making connections between stimuli to make a response.
140
Counterconditioning
replacing an unwanted behavior with a better behavior through classical conditioning
141
Biological preparedness
predisposition to learning some behaviors faster than others (like in different species)
142
Operant conditioning
association of consequences and behaviors
143
Law of Effect
behaviors learned by reinforcement are more retained than behaviors learned by consequences
144
Positive reinforcement
giving reward
145
Negative reinforcement
taking stressor
146
Positive punishment
adding stressor
147
Negative punishment
taking reward/comfort
148
Instinctive drift
animals can only learn some behaviors
149
Continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcement for each behavior
150
Partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcement is based on time or number of behaviors
151
Fixed interval schedule
reward after certain amount of time
152
Variable interval schedule
reward after random time
153
Fixed ratio schedule
reward after certain amount of behavior
154
Variable ratio schedule
reward after varied amount of behavior
155
Social learning theory
learning can happen by observation
156
Vicarious conditioning
learning by experiences and consequences
157
Insight learning
solution to a problem is thought of without a model
158
Latent learning
information is learned without reinforcement
159
Attribution
how people explain behavior of themselves and others
160
Dispositional attributions
about internal qualities of others
161
Situational attributions
about experienced external circumstances
162
Explanatory style
how individuals explain good and bad events in their or others’ lives. Optimistic or pessimistic
163
actor/observer bias
people credit their own behavior to the environment and others’ behavior to their character.
164
Fundamental attribution error
overestimating internal factors and underestimating situation when explaining others’ bad behavior
165
Self-serving bias
positive outcomes are explained by internal factors and negative outcomes are explained by external factors
166
Mere exposure effect
preference is created for things that someone is familiar with
167
Relative deprivation
people feel more or less satisfied with what they have depending on what others have around them
168
Implicit attitudes
unconscious evaluation of something
169
Out-group homogeneity bias
thinking of people of an out group as more similar to you than people in an in group
170
In-group bias
favoring people from your in group over your out group
171
Ethnocentrism
evaluating cultures based on preconceptions
172
Social influence theory
social pressure can impact one’s behaviors and beliefs
172
Elaboration likelihood model
the way information is presented impacts how it is received
173
Central route to persuasion
consideration of arguments
174
Peripheral route to persuasion
using external cues
175
Halo effect
assumption that one positive impression of something is wholly true
176
Foot in the door
someone is more likely to say yes to a larger request if they already said yes to a smaller request (to maintain consistency)
177
Door in the face
someone is more likely to say yes to a smaller request if a larger request is asked in advance
178
Groupthink
groups want to conform and harmonize rather than analyze their beliefs
179
Social facilitation
a group will encourage an individual perform better on simple tasks and worse on hard tasks
180
Social traps
individuals do not unite and act for themselves
181
Social reciprocity norm
common expectation that others will reciprocate anything good you do for them
182
Social responsibility norm
expectation to help people that need it regardless of return
183
Psychodynamic theory
unconscious processes make personality
184
Denial
refusal to believe truth
185
Displacement
putting frustration on something else
186
Projection
putting own feelings on something else
187
Rationalization
justification of feelings
188
Reaction formation
act in opposition to what they are feeling
189
Regression
acting like a child
190
Repression
hiding true feelings
191
Sublimation
putting negative feelings into something productive
192
Humanistic psychology
people want unconditional regard and to self-actualize
193
Social-cognitive theory
people learn through observation of others and the environment
194
Self-concept
how someone sees themselves compared to others
195
Trait theories of personality
personality is made of lasting traits that characterize typical responses
196
Big Five theory of personality
agreeableness. openness to experience. Extraversion. Conscientiousness. Emotional stability
197
Drive reduction theory
some behaviors keep homeostasis
198
Arousal theory
people want a certain level of arousal during behavior
199
Yerkes-Dodson Law
optimal level of stress that brings best performance
200
Self-determination theory
people are motivated by internal and external motivators
201
Incentive theory
people act for a reward or to avoid punishment
202
Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory
choices made between two good things are easier to solve than choices between two bad things
203
Approach-approach
two good options to choose from
204
Approach-avoid
one good and one bad option to choose between
205
Avoid-avoid
two bad options to choose between
206
Sensation-seeking theory
motivation comes from a desire for varied or special experiences
207
Hormones for hunger regulation
ghrelin and leptin. Pituitary gland function controlled by hypothalamus
208
Facial-feedback hypothesis
emotion is influenced by facial expression
209
Broaden-and-build theory of emotion
positive emotions lead to new ideas and awareness. Negative emotions lead to narrow thinking
210
Display rules
social rules about when and how emotions should be felt or expressed
211
Effects of stress
hypertension. Headaches. Immune suppression.
212
Eustress
motivating stress
213
Distress
debilitating stress
214
General adaptation syndrome
alarm (fight/flight) - resistance (confrontation of stress) - exhaustion (if stress leaves or resources are spent). as a response to stress
215
Problem-focused coping
stress is a problem to be solved so a solution must be found
216
Emotion-focused coping
management of emotions to stress to cope
217
Positive psychology
identification of things that cause overall better health
218
6 categories of virtues
wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence
219
Level of dysfunction
how one’s mental functioning can be negatively impacted
220
Perception of distress
how one thinks and interprets the situation impacts how they respond to stress
221
Deviation from the social norm
any action that goes against what society expects
222
Eclectic approach
a psychologist uses multiple theories or approaches during diagnosis and treatment
223
Behavioral perspective
mental disorders come from maladaptive learned associations between stimuli
224
Psychodynamic perspective
mental disorders come from unconscious effects from experiences from childhood
225
Humanistic perspective
mental disorders come from no social support and being unable to fulfill potential
226
Cognitive perspective
mental disorders come from maladaptive thoughts
227
Evolutionary perspective
mental disorders can be traced back to behaviors and processes that reduced survival
228
Sociocultural perspective
mental disorders come from maladaptive social and cultural relationships
229
Biological perspective
mental disorders come from physiological or genetic problems
230
Biopsychosocial model
any psychological problem can involve any combination of biological
231
Diathesis-stress model
disorders come from a genetic predisposition and external stressors
232
Catatonia
disordered movement
233
Dopamine hypothesis
hormone imbalance causes schizophrenia
234
MDD
heavy depression in spurts
235
PDD
chronic and lower level depression
236
Bipolar 1 disorder
cycling between full depression and full mania
237
Bipolar 2 disorder
cycling between full depression and mild mania
238
Dissociative identity disorder
creation of separate personalities
239
Cluster A personality disorders
“weird” . paranoid. Schizoid. Schizotypal.
240
Cluster B personality disorders
“wild” . antisocial. Histrionic. Narcissistic. BPD
241
Cluster C personality disorders
“worried” . avoidant. Dependent. OCD
242
Schizoid vs schizotypal
schizoid is a disturbance in feeling. Schizotypal is disturbances in thought
243
Histrionic personality disorder
attention seeking
244
Dream interpretation
psychodynamic. Manifest content is what is seen. Latent content is the deeper meaning
245
Cognitive restructuring
identification and modification of maladaptive thoughts
246
Fear hierarchy
list of stressful situations that is used in exposure
247
Cognitive therapy
focus on “cognitive triad” - negative thoughts for yourself
248
Applied behavior analysis
application of conditioning to treat disorders
249
Cognitive-behavioral therapies
combination of cognitive and behavioral perspectives for treatment
250
Dialectical behavior therapy
talk therapy for strong emotions
251
Rational emotive behavior therapy
management of unhealthy thoughts and emotions by replacing them with better ones
252
Humanistic method
active listening and unconditional positive regard
253
Tardive dyskinesia
movement disorder from some psychological medications
