AP Psychology 2.8: Intelligence and Achievement Flashcards
(31 cards)
Intelligence (general definition)
The ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, solve problems, and apply knowledge in various contexts.
General Intelligence (g)
The theory that intelligence is a single ability; people who excel in one area tend to do well in others.
Multiple Intelligences
The theory that intelligence consists of various independent skills (e.g., emotional, creative, practical problem-solving).
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason quickly and solve abstract problems; decreases with age.
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age.
Fixed Mindset
Belief that intelligence is innate and unchangeable; leads to avoiding challenges.
Growth Mindset
Belief that intelligence can develop through effort and learning; promotes perseverance.
Alfred Binet
Developed the first formal intelligence test and introduced the concept of mental age.
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
Originally: (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100; now compares performance to same-age peers.
Modern IQ Tests
Use a standardized scale to compare scores within an age group rather than calculating mental age.
Uses of IQ Tests
Identifying students for special education or gifted programs, job placement, military ranking, immigration eligibility.
Bias in IQ Tests
IQ tests can reflect sociocultural bias, affecting accuracy and fairness.
Socioculturally Responsive Assessments
Tests designed to reduce cultural bias and more accurately measure abilities across backgrounds.
Stereotype Threat
Anxiety from fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group; can lower performance.
Stereotype Lift
Performance boost due to positive stereotypes about one’s group.
Psychometrics
The branch of psychology focused on quantifying mental traits, like intelligence.
Standardization (in testing)
Ensuring tests are administered in a consistent way for fair comparison.
Reliability (in testing)
Consistency of test results over time or across test items.
Test-Retest Reliability
Consistency of test scores when taken by the same person at different times.
Split-Half Reliability
Consistency between different parts of the same test (e.g., first vs. second half).
Validity (in testing)
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Content Validity
Measures how well the test covers the content it’s supposed to assess.
Construct Validity
Measures whether the test accurately captures a specific trait or concept.
Criterion Validity
Measures how well the test correlates with outside measures or outcomes.
