Ap Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Atmosphere
A
Gases around earth, envelope gasses surrounding earths surface
2
Q
Layers of atmosphere, from lowest to highest
A
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
3
Q
Troposphere contains
A
The air we breathe
4
Q
Which layer of atmosphere do we live in?
A
Troposphere
5
Q
Troposphere extends up to -
A
11 miles above earths surface
6
Q
Troposphere is composed of
A
78% pure nitrogen (Na), 21% O2 (pure oxygen), H2O gas/vapor, CO2 gas, H4 gas (methane)
7
Q
What’s the densest part of atmosphere
A
Troposphere
8
Q
Atmosphere gets thinner, more - at the bottom
A
Dense
9
Q
Stratosphere contains
A
Contains ozone (O3) that filters 95% of the UV radiation from the sun
10
Q
Stratosphere extends
A
Approx 11 to 31 miles above troposphere
11
Q
Allotrope, example
A
2 different forms of the same pure substance (element) O2 and O3= allotropes of oxygen
12
Q
Mesosphere extends
A
Approx 31 to 55 miles above earths surface
13
Q
Thermosphere extends
A
Extends 55 to 87 miles above earths surface
14
Q
Hydrosphere
A
(Water sphere), made up of all the water on earth or near earths surface
15
Q
Hydrosphere exists as (3), units?
A
- H2O (g) in atmosphere
- H2O (l) on surface/underground
- H2O (s) in polar ice, icebergs, glaciers, permafrost
16
Q
Oceans are - percent of earths water
A
97%
17
Q
Permafrost is frozen solid for - years minimum
A
2
18
Q
Geosphere
A
(Land sphere), consists of earths core, mantle, and crust
19
Q
Layers of geosphere, what are they
A
- Core:hot center
- Mantle: Rock
- Crust: thin outer surface
20
Q
Biosphere
A
(Life sphere) consists of parts of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found
21
Q
Factors sustaining life on earth (life depends on these) (3)
A
- High quality energy from the sun
- Nutrient cycling (Law of Conservation of Mass)
- Gravity
22
Q
Greenhouse effect
A
Absorption of infra red radiation by atmospheric gasses and reradiation of energy back toward earth, helps to maintain ideal temperatures
23
Q
Ecology
A
The study of how organisms interact w/ each other and their environment
24
Q
Cell
A
Smallest functional unit of life
25
Organism
Individual living thing
26
Population
Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place
27
Community
Populations of different species living in a particular place
28
Ecosystem
Community of different species interacting with each other and their no living environment
29
Trophic levels
Successive levels of organisms consuming each other, hierarchy of feeding levels
30
Producer also known as
Autotrophs
31
Producer , ex (3)
Uses energy from the sun to produce usable forms of energy
Make needed nutrients from compounds and energy obtained from their environment
Capable of carrying out photosynthesis
Plants, algae, plankton
32
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight->C6H12O6+6O2
33
What's C6H12O6
Glucose
34
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy
35
What's energy molecule of cells
ATP
36
Consumer also called
Heterotroph
37
Consumer
Organisms that must obtain energy by consuming other organisms
Cannot produce needed energy through photosynthesis
38
Kinds of consumers, definitions (3)
1. Herbivore: a consumer that eats producers (plants)
2. Carnivore: consumer that eats other consumers
3. Omnivore:organism that eats producers (plants) and consumers (animals)
39
Herbivore also called
Primary consumer
40
Secondary consumer
Carnivore that eats primary consumer
41
Tertiary consumer
Carnivore that eats secondary consumer
42
Detritivore
Organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products
43
Detritus
Parts of dead organisms and fragments of waste of living organisms
44
Scavengers
Larger organisms that feed on carrion
45
Carrion
Rotting carcasses
46
Decomposer
Organisms that convert organic matter into elements and molecules that are recycled back into the ecosystem
47
Energy stored as - in bodies and wastes of organisms flow through ecosystems from one - to another
Nutrients, tropic level
48
Food chain, series of - from - through -,
Movement of - between -
Sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers
Energy, trophic levels
49
Food web shows more complex - of - in a -
Shows more complex interrelationships of energy flow in a diverse community
50
Pyramid of energy flow also called
Trophic pyramid
51
Trophic pyramid shows the - in --- available at each succeeding - in a food chain or web
Decrease, usable chemical energy, trophic level
52
Sun -% of energy goes to -
99% plants
53
-% GPP->NPP
| Gross primary productivity->Net primary productivity
1%
54
_%NPP
40%
55
Respiration= -%
60%
56
Ecological efficiency
Percent of --- transferred as - from one -- to the next
Percent of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next
57
In general, -% of energy is lost as - (--)
| -% stored in -/- that --
90%, lost as heat (usable energy)
| 10% stored in herbivore/ animal that ate it
58
Percent equation
Part/whole x 100
59
Amount of - available determines how much - the ecosystem can support
Conclusion: the more - available at -- of food chain, the - - there will be for - at the - of the energy pyramid
Energy, life, ecosystem can support
Energy, the base, the more energy there will be for consumers at the top of energy pyramid
60
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Total amount of -- that - in an ecosystem capture through - over a --- time
The - at which - convert -- into -- in the form of - found in their -
Total amount solar energy, producers, capture through photosynthesis, over a given amount of time
Rate, producers, convert solar energy, chemical energy, biomass, tissues
61
GPP also rate of
Photosynthesis
62
GPP is the - energy available
Total
63
Units of Gross Productivity (4)
1. Kilocalorie
2. Kcal
3. Meters^2/year
4. G/m2
64
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- captured by - in an ecosystem - the - the - -
Energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire
65
Equation to find NPP
GPP-Respiration= NPP
66
NPP is the amount of - actually - for use
Energy , available for use
67
Study biogeochemical cycles cards
You can do it!
68
Biome, part of the -
Large region of the biosphere characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plants and animals
Biosphere
69
Kinds of biomes (2)
Terrestrial
| Aquatic
70
Terrestrial biome
Geographic region characterized by a particular - of average --, --, and distinctive --- on -
Combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land
71
Aquatic biome
Aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of -,-, and --
Salinity, depth, water flow
72
Kinds of terrestrial biomes (6)
1. Tundra
2. Boreal forest
3. Temperate deciduous forest
4. Temperate rainforest
5. Grassland
6. Desert
73
Tundra
- and - biome with ---
Cold, treeless, low growing vegetation
74
Where is Arctic tundra located (4) in - regions of -.
What hemisphere?
Northernmost regions of
1. Russia
2. Canada
3. Scandinavia
4. Alaska
Northern hemisphere
75
Where is Antarctic tundra located? What hemisphere? Any places near it? What area of place?
Located along edges of Antarctica and nearby islands
76
Climate is -, -, and -
Long -, short -
Short --
Frozen - (-)
Cold, windy, dry
Winters, Summers
Growing seasons
Frozen soil (permafrost= frozen more than 2 years)
77
Light in tundra
- hour daylight in -, - hour - in -
Light intensity is -
24 hour daylight in summer, 24 hour darkness in winter
Low
78
Soil in tundra=-
Permafrost
79
Permafrost
- frozen -
Prevents --
Doesn't allow -- to -
Permanently frozen soil
Prevents proper damage
Doesn't allow plant roots to penetrate
80
Vegetation in tundra (6)
```
Lichens
Mosses
Grasses
Sedges
Reeds
Dwarf trees (willow, birch)
```
81
Plant adaptations
Growth is -
- branching roots
Most are -
Are -- plants (require a lot of - to trigger -/-)
Stunted
Shallow
Perennials
Long-day plants, light, growth/reproduction
82
Animals in the tundra (5)
```
Arctic hare
Arctic fox
Snowy owl
Polar bears
Caribou (reindeer)
```
83
Animal adaptations
Adaptations to cold? (4)
Camouflage:white coats in winter/darker in summer
```
Cold:
Insulating layer of fat
Body extremities are shorter
Stay in tunnels within snow banks
Thicker feathers/fur
```
84
Humans disturb tundra -- (-,-)
- environment (-,-)
- animal - (-,-)
Destroy --,--
Migration routes (roads, pipelines)
Contaminate (oil, pollution)
Decrease, populations (hunting, fishing)
Nesting sites, spawning grounds
85
Types of forest biomes (3)
1. Boreal (taiga)
2. Temperate deciduous
3. Tropical rainforest
86
All forest biomes are dominated by - and are areas of -- and -
Trees, high productivity and biodiversity
87
If an area has lots of productivity, it has
Lots of photosynthesis, production of sugars
88
Boreal forest
-biome made up of primarily - trees that can tolerate -- and short --
Located between - and - in -, -, and -
Forest, coniferous, cold winters, growing seasons
50 degrees N and 60 degrees north in Europe, Russia, and North America
89
Climate of boreal forest
Temp - than tundra (closer to - than tundra)
- growing season
- aren't as - or -
- is heavier
- is higher
```
Higher (equator)
Longer
Winters aren't as long or severe
Snowfall is heavier
Precipitation is higher
```
90
Light in boreal forest
- days are shorter
- - is higher
- is shorter
Summer days
Light intensity
Photoperiod
91
Soil in boreal forest is
- in -
- - because of -
Low in nutrients
| Acidic soil because of pine needles
92
Vegetation in boreal forest (9)
```
Pine trees
Cedar trees
Spruce trees
Firs
Ferns
Mosses
Lichens
Spagnum moss
Fungi
```
93
Plant adaptations in boreal forest
```
- leaves
Leaves covered with --
- located on - of leaves
- are flexible
Don't lose -- at once
Produce ---
```
```
Needle
Thick cuticle
Stomata underside
Branches
All leaves
Protective sticky resin
```
94
Animals in the boreal forest (13)
Foxes, wolves, moose, Hawks, owl, Lynx, wolverine, voles, shrews, squirrels, rabbits, chipmunks, bears
95
Animal adaptations of animals in taiga (3)
Camouflage
Thick coats
Hibernation
96
Camouflage of animals in taiga
- coats in -
Lighter coats in winter
97
Thick coats of animals in taiga for - and - in -
Protection and insulation in winter
98
Hibernation of animals in taiga to --
Reduce metabolism
99
Human impact on boreal forest
-/- trees
-
Cutting/wasting trees
| Fires
100
What are the four components of earth system
Atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere
