approaches✅ Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
what is introspection? (wundt)
A
observes and examines your own conscious thoughts and emotions
2
Q
what is structuralism?
A
use of the experimental method to find building blocks of thought
3
Q
who was wundt and what did he do?
A
- opened first psych lab in germany 1879 to study human mind
- used introspection to study sensation and perceptions by asking them to describe experiences, thoughts and feelings to stimuli
- assumed longer they took to respond, more processes involved. measured using reaction time
4
Q
what is classical conditioning?
A
learning by association, when one is made between a previously neutral stimulus and reflex response
5
Q
5 assumptions of the behaviourist approach
A
- we are born as blank states
- all we have is capacity to learn
- all is learnt from environment
- should only focus on
observable behaviour as can be
measured (=scientific) - valid to study animals
6
Q
definition of a stimuli?
A
any change in environment that an organism registers
7
Q
definition of a response?
A
behaviour an organism emits as a consequence of a stimuli
8
Q
definition of a reflex?
A
consistent equation between stimuli and response
9
Q
who made up the behaviourist approach
A
skinner and pavlov
10
Q
what is pavlov’s dog experiment?
A
he classically conditions a dog so that when they hear a bell it is dinner time, they begin to salivate when there is a bell sound as they now associate that with their food
11
Q
what is an unconditioned stimulus?
A
a stimulus that leads to an automatic response
12
Q
what is an unconditioned response?
A
an automatic response to the stimulus
13
Q
what is a neutral stimulus?
A
a stimulus that at first, elicits no response
14
Q
what is a conditioned response?
A
a behaviour that doesn’t come naturally, but is learnt by pairing a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus
15
Q
what is a conditioned stimulus?
A
a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
16
Q
what does spontaneous recovery mean?
A
when a behaviour is believed to be an instinct, when the response is no longer conditioned.
17
Q
what does extinction mean?
A
gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behaviour decreasing or disappearing
18
Q
what is generalisation?
A
the tendency to respond in the same way to a different but similar stimuli
19
Q
what is discrimination?
A
the ability to differentiate the similar stimuli to the real one.
20
Q
How does classical conditioning occur?
A
When you associate a reflex with a neutral stimulus, a reflex is then conditioned for new situations
21
Q
Why is the sample in pavlovs dog study problematic?
A
The dogs are in a bad environment for living, can be seen as unethical as to how he studied the dogs as it was under firm, harsh consequences and poor conditions
22
Q
How have the findings from pavlovs dog study helped our understanding of human behaviour?
A
It not only has made us understand why reflexes occur but also why people have phobias, fears and responses to all types of things
23
Q
What was the method used for pavlovs dog study and what is one strength of this method?
A
Laboratory experiments
Strengthen- method is replicable, so it’s reliable. Also, he can control the environment to ensure no extraneous variables effect the study
24
Q
What is operant conditioning?
A
Learning by consequence
(Skinner)
25
What is reinforcement?
Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of behaviour being repeated
26
What is Positive reinforcement?
Anything that could increase likelihood of repetitive behaviour by using consequences that are pleasant when they happen
27
What is negative reinforcement?
Anything that could increase the likelihood of behaviour by using consequences that are pleasant when they stop
28
What is punishment?
Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated using unpleasant consequences
29
What are schedules of reinforcement?
When and how often we reinforce a behaviour can have a significant impact on strength and rate of response
30
What is continuous reinforcement?
Desired behaviour reinforced every time it occurs
31
What is partial reinforcement?
Only rewarded part of the time
32
What are the fixed ratio schedules?
Response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
33
What are variable ratio schedules?
When a response is reinforced after unpredictable number of responses
34
What are fixed internal schedules?
Response is rewarded only after a specific amount of time has elapsed
35
What are variable internal schedules?
Response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
36
What did the chamber, developed by skinner, become known as?
Skinners box
37
Why was it important for skinner to ensure his chamber was designed the way it was?
Maximise objectivity, accuracy, and ease of recording behaviour, stop animals from experiencing other stimuli
38
Example of continuous, positive and negative reinforcement in the skinners box?
Continuous- every time the rate presses the lever, it is continuously rewarded with food pellet
Negative- the floor was electrified, the rat has to press the lever to make the electric current stop
Positive- when the rat presses the lever it is rewarded with food pellet
39
Why did variable ratio schedule lead to a faster rate of responding than continuous reinforcement, in the skinners box study?
Because it created high levels of motivation
40
Identify an issue using animals for research, then outline how behaviourists justify their use in the skinners box study?
Behaviourists say it’s valid to study on animals. However, an issue with this is that animals may not reflect behaviour of humans
41
How can the findings from skinner’s box help us to understand gambling addiction?
When you win money, it increases the likelihood of you playing again to try and win again (PR). But, if you lose money, you will still try play again to win, in order to stop feeling the pain of losing
42
What are the positive evaluations of operant conditioning?
-supporting evidence: skinners rats and pigeons
-Jeffrey: if crime was more rewarding than punishing, it’ll continue
-scientific credibility
-theory is useful e.g token economy programmes
43
What are the positive evaluations of operant conditioning?
-supporting evidence: skinners rats and pigeons
-Jeffrey: if crime was more rewarding than punishing, it’ll continue
-scientific credibility
-theory is useful e.g token economy programmes
44
What is a token economy programme?
a system in which an individual is rewarded for demonstrating the desired behavior and is rewarded by earning a token/chip/marker that can be exchanged for the desired prize
45
What are the negative evaluations of operant conditioning?
-Mechanistic view- approach assumes we passively absorb info
-environmentally derterminist- believes your environment is it
-ignores roles of nature- genes + hormones
- can’t explain why punished behaviour is repeated
46
What is the social learning theory?
Learning by observation and imitation
47
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?
-assumes we learn from a social context
-we can learn directly, operant and classical conditioning, but we also learn indirectly
48
What were the 4 criteria needed to be met for imitation to occur. According to Bandura?
Attention- to the role model
Retention- to observed behaviour and storing in your memory
Motor reproduction of target behaviour- wether or not you have the skills to repeat
Motivation- imitate observed behaviour
49
What are the 3 types of motivation?
Intrinsic reward- the feeling good inside
Extrinsic reward- people around you telling you, you have done well
Vicarious reward- observed someone having a reward for behaviour, so they want to repeat
50
What are the 4 criteria’s: attention, retention, Motor reproduction, motivation
Meditational process
51
What’s a role model?
Someone you look up to, and aspire to be like
52
What is modelling?
Observer- imitating behaviour of role model
Role model- demonstrated behaviour
53
What makes an effective role model?
-higher status
-admired/ respected
-similar characteristics
-attractive
54
What was banduras bobo doll experiment about?
Children with aggressive role models seemed to imitate aggressive behaviours towards the bobo doll
55
Positive evaluations of bandura’s bobo doll?
-supporting evidence- bobo dolls
-useful- therapy in prisons, age ratings on vids
-goes beyond CC and OC - recognises importance of cognitive factors in learning
56
Negative evaluation of banduras bobo dolls?
-can’t account for all behaviour- no role model?
-underestimates role of biology- testosterone
-supporting evidence was a controlled experiment- lacks ecological validity
-modelling and imitation can be more complex than assumed (Gergley et al)
57
What did Gergley et al’s experiment say about Banduras experiment??
-14 month old infants watch an adult obviously turning off a light with their forehead and hands on the table—-> 69% did the same thing
-also, an adult holding their hands under the table as if they’re cold, then turning the light off with their forehead——-> 21% obeyed
58
What is the cognitive approach?
The way we process information
59
What are the assumptions within the cognitive approach?
- thought processes should be studied scientifically
- mental processes are private and cannot be observed
- psychologists study them indirectly but make inferences
-events that happen within a person must be studied in order to be fully understood
- objective ways to study internal mental processes
60
What are the internal mental processes in the cognitive approach?
Perception
Attention
Memory
Language
Thinking
Problem solving
61
What are inferences?
Reaching logical conclusions on the basis of evidence and reasoning
62
What are schemas?
Packages of info, mental blueprints that is built from experience
63
What is the role of a schema?
Mind takes in the impoverished sensory input and matches to a schema that has come from past experiences. Schema is used to fill in the blanks
64
Who created the “rat-man”?
Bugelski and Alampay
65
What do bugelski and Alampay say on the rat man?
- participants who were shown a sequence of faces were most likely to see the rat man as a man
- participants who were shown a sequence of animals were most likely to see a rat
66
What is the informational processing model?
Input- from environment
Processing- info is encoded and processed e.g schema
Output- observable behaviour
(Computer analogy)
67
Applications of the cognitive approach? Depression
Mood disorders- becks model of death see faulty thinking as cause of depression. Ellis believes disorders develops as of irrational beliefs and thoughts
68
Applications of the cognitive approach? Memory
Models of memory have helped us to understand cognitive processes further. Knowledge of how memory works has been applied to interviewing witnesses
69
Applications of the cognitive approach? Education
Information- processing theory has been implied to improve educational techniques
70
Applications of the cognitive approach? Therapy
Ellis’ rational emotive therapy to restructure faulty thinking and perceptions in depression
71
What is cognitive neuroscience
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
72
What are neutral processes in cognitive neuroscience
Underlying memory, attention, perception and awareness
73
What is social cognition in cognitive neuroscience
The brain regions when we interact with eachother
74
impairment in cognitive
when poeple begin to have problems with their memory or thinking.
75
Strengths of cognitive approach,
-supporting evidence- bulgeski and alampay (rat man)
-application- treating mental illness, education
-less deterministic
76
Limitations of cognitive approach?
-Machine reductionist- comparing people to computers (simple)
- lacks external validity
-not computers- computers don’t forget or make mistakes like humans do
77
What is the biological approach?
Influence of genetic inheritance and neural function
78
Assumptions of biological approach?
-The mind lives in the brain
-to understand human behaviour we have to understand biological structures first
-thoughts, feelings and behaviour are physical
-opposite to cognitive approach
79
What is the genetic basis of behaviour? Biological approach
-behavioural genetics- intelligence, personality, mental disorders are inherited
-twin studies used to determine likelihood that traits have genetic basis
-Monozygotic share 100% concordance rates
- dizygotic share 50% concordance rates
80
What is a genotype in biological approach?
Genetic makeup
81
What is a phenotype in biological approach
Genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics
82
What is evolution in the biological approach?
-Behaviour evolved in same way physical has (adaptation)
-mutations
83
Why are twin studies and adoption studies important? (bio)
Nature vs nurture
84
What are monozygotic twins?
Identical twins- 100% of genes
68% share OCD
85
What are dizygotic twins?
Non identical twins- 50% of genes
31% share OCD
86
What do both monozygotic and dizygotic twins share?
Environment
87
How are dizygotic twins different to regular siblings (bio)
-share same environment
- parented at the same time, same friends, classes, teachers
88
How do adoption studies help us understand the differences between nature and nurture causes? (Bio)
To see if the child has relation to their bio relatives or to see if they have a stronger relation to their adoptive family
89
Why might adopted studies be problematic? (Bio)
families want the child- same parenting
They aren’t randomly selected families
Wealthy families
90
How can twin and adoption be combined?
If identical get adopted by twins by 2 separate families
91
Who proposed Cartesian dualism?
Rene Descartes suggested that the mind and body are independent from each other.
## Footnote
'I think therefore I am.'
92
What is empiricism?
John Locke proposed that all experiences can be obtained through our senses, and that humans inherit neither knowledge nor instincts.
93
What is the basis of the behavioral approach?
The idea of empiricism proposed by John Locke forms the basis of the behavioral approach.
94
What is natural selection?
Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory states that animal and human behavior changes over generations, with the most adaptive genes surviving and reproducing.
95
What does 'survival of the fittest' refer to?
It refers to the concept in Darwin's theory that those with the most adaptive genes are more likely to survive and reproduce.
96
How was psychology viewed in the 17th-19th century?
Psychology was considered a branch of philosophy, best understood as experimental philosophy.
97
Who opened the first psychology lab?
Wilhelm Wundt opened the first lab in Germany, marking psychology as a distinct discipline.
98
What is structuralism?
Structuralism is the study of the basic elements that make up human experience, initiated by Wundt.
99
Who developed psychoanalytic psychology?
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic psychology, studying how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior.
100
What therapy did Sigmund Freud create?
He developed a person-centered therapy known as psychoanalysis.
101
What did Freud argue about physical problems?
Freud argued that physical problems could be explained through conflicts in the mind.
102
Who wrote 'Psychology as the Behaviourist Sees It'?
John B. Watson wrote 'Psychology as the Behaviourist Sees It'.
103
What approach did B.F. Skinner establish?
B.F. Skinner established the behaviourist approach.
104
Which two psychologists developed the humanistic approach in the 1950s?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow developed the humanistic approach.
105
What does the humanistic approach emphasize?
The humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of free will and self-determination.
106
What significant event occurred in the 1960s related to cognitive psychology?
The cognitive revolution occurred, introducing a model of a digital computer as a metaphor for the operations of the human mind.
107
What did the cognitive approach reintroduce?
The cognitive approach reintroduced the study of mental processes in a more scientific way than Wundt.
108
Who proposed the social learning theory in the 1960s?
Albert Bandura proposed the social learning theory.
109
What does the social learning theory bridge?
It provides a bridge between the cognitive approach and traditional behaviourism.
110
What approach became dominant in psychology in the 1980s onwards?
The biological approach established itself as the dominant scientific approach in psychology.
111
What contributed to the understanding of the brain in the 1980s?
Advances in technology contributed to a greater understanding of the brain and its processes.
112
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Cognitive neuroscience is the field that investigates how biological structures influence mental states.
## Footnote
It combines biological and cognitive approaches to better understand the brain and its processes.
113
What significant development occurred at the eve of the 21st century related to brain understanding?
The emergence of cognitive neuroscience, which integrates biological and cognitive approaches.
## Footnote
This development marked a pivotal moment in understanding the relationship between brain structures and mental functions.
114
Fill in the blank: Cognitive neuroscience brings together ______ and cognitive approaches.
[biological]
115
What does cognitive neuroscience investigate?
Cognitive neuroscience investigates how biological structures influence mental states.
## Footnote
It aims to understand the complex interactions between the brain and cognitive processes.
116
True or False: Cognitive neuroscience only focuses on cognitive approaches without considering biological structures.
False
117
Origins: What year was Rene Descante?
1596-1650
118
Origins: What year was John Locke?
1632-1704
119
Origins: What year was Charles Darwin?
1809-1882
120
Origins: What year was Wundt?
1879
121
Origins: What year was Sigmund Freud?
1900
122
Origins: What year was John B. Watson?
1913
123
Origins: What year was Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?
1950s
124
Origins: What year was Albert Bandura?
1960s
125
Define cognitive approach in psychology.
The cognitive approach in psychology focuses on the study of internal mental processes, recognizing that these processes cannot be studied directly but must be inferred from behavior.
126
Describe the role of cognitive neuroscience.
Cognitive neuroscience is the study of how the brain supports different cognitive activities and emotions, utilizing brain imaging technology like PET and fMRI.
127
Explain the significance of theoretical models in cognitive psychology.
Theoretical models, such as the multi-store model, provide pictorial representations of mental processes based on current research, aiding in the understanding of cognitive functions.
128
Discuss the implications of using schemas in information processing.
Schemas can facilitate quicker interpretation of information but may also lead to stereotypes and assumptions based on incomplete data.
129
What technologies are used in cognitive neuroscience to study the brain?
brain imaging technologies like positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe brain activity during cognitive tasks.
130
How do cognitive psychologists infer mental processes?
infer mental processes by observing behavior and making assumptions about the underlying cognitive activities that produce those behaviors.
131
Outline the relationship between cognitive psychology and behavior measurement.
Describe the impact of computer development on cognitive psychology.
132
Explain the significance of the cognitive approach in psychology.
development of effective treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), for psychological disorders.
133
Define the role of theoretical and computer models in cognitive psychology.
explain mental processes and how faulty thinking can lead to psychological issues.
134
Explain the emergence of cognitive neuroscience.
combines cognitive psychology and neuroscience to study the brain's role in mental processes, using scientific methods to validate findings.
135
Outline two strengths of the cognitive approach in psychology.
One strength is its application in developing effective treatments like CBT. Another strength is its reliance on scientific methods, which provide a valid representation of mental processes.
136
Discuss one criticism of the cognitive approach.
One criticism is that there is a significant distinction between computers and the human mind, as computers do not make mistakes, which may oversimplify human cognitive processes.
137
How do cognitive psychologists collect and evaluate evidence?
Cognitive psychologists use scientific methods to systematically collect and evaluate evidence, ensuring that their conclusions are based on empirical data rather than intuition.
138
Describe the impact of faulty thinking processes on mental health.
Faulty thinking processes can lead to psychological disorders, such as depression, by distorting an individual's perception of reality and influencing their emotional state.
139
Explain the issue of ecological validity in cognitive psychology studies.
Many studies in cognitive psychology lack ecological validity because they often use artificial tasks that do not reflect participants' everyday experiences.
140
What is a significant limitation of the cognitive approach in understanding human behavior?
ignores the roles of emotion and motivation in cognitive processes.
