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psychology > Biopsychology✅ > Flashcards

Biopsychology✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Which gland releases adrenocortical tropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Pituitary

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2
Q

Describe the function of Adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH).

A

stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, known as ‘the stress hormone’, which is essential for affecting nearly all organs and tissues.

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3
Q

Which gland releases oxytocin?

A

Pituitary

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4
Q

Define the role of oxytocin in childbirth.

A

increases contractions to induce labor and birth, and facilitates the release of milk from breasts after birth.

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5
Q

What is the significance of oxytocin in social interactions?

A

Oxytocin acts as a chemical messenger in the brain, influencing social recognition, relationship formation, emotions, and long-term sexual arousal.

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6
Q

Which gland releases melatonin

A

Pituitary

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7
Q

Explain the function of melatonin in the body.

A

plays a role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and timing of circadian rhythms.

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8
Q

Which gland releases thyroxine

A

Thyroid gland

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9
Q

How does thyroxine impact metabolism?

A

controls the energy the body uses, affecting metabolic rate, digestion, brain development, and bone health.

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10
Q

Which gland produces adrenaline?

A

Adrenal gland

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11
Q

Describe the effects of adrenaline on the body.

A

increases the rate of blood circulation, breathing, and prepares muscles for exertion, playing a key role in the ‘fight or flight’ response.

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12
Q

Which gland releases nonadrenaline

A

Adrenal gland (medulla)

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13
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline in the nervous system?

A

acts as a neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.

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14
Q

Which gland produces cortisol?

A

Adrenal glands

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15
Q

What’s the functions of cortisol?

A

Regulates body’s stress response, triggers release of glucose from liver for fast energy during the times of stress

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16
Q

Which gland produces testosterone

A

Testes

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17
Q

What’s the function of testosterone

A

Regulates sex drive, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass, strength, production of RBC and sperm

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18
Q

Which gland produces oestrogen?

A

Ovaries

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19
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A

Puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone strength and skin

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

Complex network of nerve cells
It coordinates organs and cells by carrying messages to and from the brain and spinal cord.

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21
Q

What role does the spinal cord play in the central nervous system?

A

It transfers messages between the brain and the rest of the body and handles simple reflex actions.

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22
Q

How does the somatic nervous system maintain communication with the outside world?

A

It uses sensory and motor pathways to relay information to and from the CNS.

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23
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

Carry info to spinal cord and brain

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24
Q

What are motor pathways?

A

Allow brain to control movement

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25
What are the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
26
What’s the role of the autonomic nervous system
Plays important role in homeostasis (maintains constant internal environment)
27
What neurons does the autonomic nervous system contain
Motor pathways
28
What does the peripheral nervous system contain?
The autonomic and the somatic nervous system
29
What’s the function of sympathetic nervous system
Involved in responses that prepare body for fight or flight Increased heart rate, blood pressure, pupils dilate, salivation stops
30
Why do specific factors occur in the fight or flight response
So the blood and oxygen can go to the muscles that need it, not the other organs
31
What’s the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Returns body back to normal resting state Slows heart rate and blood pressure, constricts pupils, stimulates saliva
32
What does the brain stem do?
Connects brain and spinal cord and controls involuntary processes
33
What does cerebellum do?
Responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and things such as balance
34
What does the occipital lobe do?
Processes visual info
35
What does the parietal lobe do?
Integrated info from different senses and plays important role in special navigation
36
What does the frontal lobe do?
Associated with higher order functions e.g. planning, abstract reasoning and logic
37
What does the temporal lobe do?
Processed auditory info
38
What does the brain stem do
Connects brain and spinal cord and controls involuntary processes eg breathing
39
What 4 regions does the brain consist of
Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe
40
Similarities between brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
Both control involuntarily processes
41
differences between brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
brain provides conscious awareness and allows for higher order thinking, spinal cord allows for simple reflexes brain has multiple functions, spinal cord has one main function
42
similarities between somatic and autonomic and parasympathetic and sympathetic
both respond to external stimuli sympathetic nervous system responds by preparing for fight or flight, somatic nervous system does by carrying info from sensory receptors to the spinal cord or brain
43
differences between somatic and autonomic and parasympathetic and sympathetic
autonomic nervous system consists of 2 sub components, sympathetic only has one The somatic nervous system has sensory and motor pathways, whereas the autonomic nervous system only has motor pathways. The autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands, while the somatic nervous system controls muscles and movement.
44
synapse
how neurons are separated
45
neurotransmitter
when electrical signal reaches the end of neuron, synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters which relay signal across synapse
46
excitatory neurotransmitters
they make it more likely the next neuron will fire
47
inhibitory neurotransmitters
less likely the next neuron will fire
48
synaptic transmission
info is passed down the axon of the neuron as an electrical impulse known as action potential once the action potential reaches the end of the axon it needs to be transferred to another neuron or tissue, by crossing the synaptic gap. At the end of the neuron, in the axon terminal, are the synaptic vesicles which contain neurotransmitters. The electrical (nerve) impulse (action potential) stimulates the release of the neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitters then carry the signal across the synaptic gap. They bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic cell which then become activated. Neurotransmitters then carry the signal across the synaptic gap. They bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic cell which then become activated. Once the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron have been activated, they either produce excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell. Excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g. noradrenaline) cause a positive electrical charge when they bind to the postsynaptic receptors. This results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), making the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire. Inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA) cause a negative electrical charge when they bind to the postsynaptic receptors. This results in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), making the postsynaptic cell less likely to fire.
49
summitation
adding up he positive and negative charges
50
endocrine system
network of glands across the body that secrete hormones
51
how does the endocrine system transport hormones
blood vessels
52
hypothalamus
connected to pituitary stimulating or controlling release of hormones from pituitary control system that regulates endocrine system
53
pituitary gland
master gland secretes hormones
54
what is the pituitary gland divided into
anterior (front) posterior (rear)
55
what does the anterior lobe in pituitary gland release
The anterior lobe releases adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol.
56
what does posterior lobe in the pituitary gland release
The posterior lobe released oxytocin which is responsible for uterus contractions during childbirth.
57
how does fight or flight response occur
ANS becomes aroused and changes from parasympathetic state to sympathetic state pituitary gland releases ACTH ACTH has effect on adrenal glands causing them to release adrenaline into bloodstream
58
why increased heart rate during fight or flight response
speed up blood flow to vital organs and speed up spread of adrenaline
59
why increased breathing rate during fight or flight response
increase oxygen intake
60
why increased muscle tension during fight or flight response
improve reaction time and speed
61
why do pupils dilate during fight or flight response
improve vision
62
why increased production of sweat during fight or flight response
facilitate temp regulation
63
why reduced functioning of digestive and immune system during fight or flight response
save energy

psychology (8 decks)

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