Pyschopathology✅ Flashcards

Question

Strengths of systematic desensitisation

Answer 1

Relatively quick treatment and may require less effort from patient that CBT May be only possible therapy for people with certain conditions eg learning conditions Effective- gilroy et al

Answer 2

42 patients with fear of spiders 3 months and 33 months later the systematic desensitisation groups were less fearful than the control group Long term effectiveness

Answer 3

Treat the symptoms not the cause - symptom substitution Need a vivid imagination Less effective in treating complex phobias as they can’t be explained

Answer 4

Inescapable exposure to feared stimuli until fear disappears Fear response can not be sustained and will eventually fall as the body can’t retain such a high level of anxiety New association will be formed Feared object= relaxed

Answer 5

Research evidence- ougrin- highly effective Very quick Cost effective

Answer 6

Compared other approaches

Answer 7

Treats the symptoms not the cause- symptom substitution Highly stressful and traumatic Doesn’t work for all phobias eg agarophobia Not suitable for certain medical conditions

Answer 8

B- changes to usual activity levels, sleep and eating patterns, aggression E- lowered mood, anger and decline in self esteem C- poor concentration, bias towards only seeing negative aspects

Answer 9

People become depressed as they see the world through negative schemas Negative schemas develop through childhood and adolescence Arise due to unreal demands being placed on the child, as well as extensive criticism Schemas will progress through to adulthood and one will veiw life in negative way

Answer 10

Negative views about oneself Negative views about future Negative views about the world

Answer 11

good practical evaluation- led to development of CBT Cognitive models of depression are based on scientific principles of objective testing, which allow for updating/refining the model, resulting in greater understanding. It acknowledges other aspects of a person in onset, e.g. genes & childhood experiences. research evidence- Weissman and Beck, Grazioli and Terry

Answer 12

they created the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) to assess dysfunctional attitudes characteristic of depressive thinking, and in turn, measure the level of activation and access to negative cognitive structures.

Answer 13

found that pregnant women who showed vulnerability for depression were more likely to suffer post-natal depression than those without this means that the cognitive approach could be used to identify vulnerability in people and trigger interventions to delay or prevent the progress of depression

Answer 14

does not explain all aspects of depression- bipolar, or the deep anger and extreme emotion felt by some. Or, cotard syndrome – (rare) depressed person has the delusion they are a zombie not all depressed people have a distorted view of their own abilities

Answer 15

the ABC model

Answer 16

irrational beliefs make us over react to events and get depressed

Answer 17

activating event

Answer 18

situations in which irrational thoughts are triggered by external events e.g. you text your friend, but they dont text back

Answer 19

beliefs- musterbation, I-CANT-STAND-IT-ITIS, utopianism

Answer 20

type of irrational thinking that involves rigid and unrealistic expectations for oneself or others.

Answer 21

irrational belief that things are unbearable or that one cant handle a situation, leading to negative emotions and maladaptive behaviour.

Answer 22

irrational belief that life is always supposed to be fair

Answer 23

consequence

Answer 24

emotional response to the belief irrational belief= unhealthy emotional outcome eg delete the friends number

Answer 25

good practical application- the therapy seems to work in many cases eg Lipsky et al shows patients being treated by challenging negative beliefs saw reduction in symptoms Cognitive models of depression are based on scientific principles of objective testing, which allow for updating/refining the model, resulting in greater understanding. It acknowledges other aspects of a person in onset, e.g. genes & childhood experiences.

Answer 26

Doesn’t explain all aspects of depression: the manic aspect of bipolar, or the deep anger and extreme emotion felt by some. Cotard syndrome – (rare) depressed person has the delusion they are a zombie Doesn’t account for all types of depression. So only a partial explanation. Doesn’t explain the origin of the irrational thoughts and most research is correlational.

Answer 27

most commonly a psychological treatment for depression, as well as other mental illnesses treats mental illnesses on both behavioural and cognitive aspects therapist aims to make client aware of the relationship between though, emotions and actions helps people change the way they think and what they do

Answer 28

1. The therapist and client agree on the nature of problems and goals of therapy 2. negative thoughts are then challenged by therapist 3. The reality of negative beliefs are tested via homework ('patient as scientist) [once a week or 2, 30-60 mins, 5-20 sessions]

Answer 29

D- dispute (challenge the thoughts) E- effect (new beliefs replace the irrational ones)

Answer 30

irrational thoughts Rebt- based on the premise that whenever we become upset, it is not the events taking place in our lives that upset us; it is the beliefs that we hold that cause us to become depressed, anxious, enraged, etc.

Answer 31

make impossible demands on the individual, leading to anxiety, failure and psychological difficulty make impossible demands on the individual, leading to anxiety, failure and psychological difficulty

Answer 32

rational emotive behaviour therapy

Answer 33

evidence that it is effective- David et al- 170 patients, 14 weeks had better outcomes than those treated by drug therapy, REBT has better long term effects few side effects effective from stopping mild depression becoming severe very effective when combines with drug therapy

Answer 34

ethical issues- therapist may have too much power, patient becomes dependent not suitable for patients who struggle with talking about feelings not effective for severe depression some patients want to explore past not the present and future Over emphasis on cognition may mean other important factors are missed, e.g. living in poverty or issues at work.

Answer 35

an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

Answer 36

a cognition

Answer 37

recurrent obsessions and compulsions Recognition by the individual that the obsessions and compulsions are excessive and/or unreasonable. The person is distressed or impaired, and daily life is disrupted by the obsessions and compulsions.

Answer 38

compulsions to repeat behaviors usually to reduce anxiety

Answer 39

anxiety often accompanied by guilt and depression

Answer 40

recurrent obsessive thoughts, accompanied by rituals to cope with obsession

Answer 41

Behavioural: how a person acts (behaves) which typically leads to the carrying out of repetitive actions to reduce anxiety. This often leads to avoidance of situations that trigger anxiety.

Answer 42

Emotional: how a person feels when experiencing the anxiety which accompanies the obsessions/compulsions. OCD may feel depressed and/or other negative emotions

Answer 43

Cognitive: how a person thinks and OCD sufferers are usually plagued with obsessive thoughts. They also tend to develop cognitive strategies.

Answer 44

OCD patients- 37% had parents with ocd, 21% had siblings with ocd, suggests genetic vulnerability

Answer 45

Meta-analysis of 70 years worth of twin studies into OCD Total of 10,034 twin pairs from 28 twin studies Conclusions: twin studies indicate a genetic component to the transmission of OCD & heritability of OCD appears greater in children than among adults.

Answer 46

genes that create a vulnerability for something eg- 5HT1-D beta implicated in efficiency of transport of serotonin across synapses

Answer 47

many genes are involved Taylor- analysed findings of previous studies and found up to 230 genes are involved in OCD

Answer 48

COMT regulates production of dopamine. One particular form of the COMT gene is found to be more common in OCD patients than people without the disorder.

Answer 49

SERT affects the transport of serotonin, causing lower levels of serotonin. These lower levels are implicated in OCD. Ozaki et al., (2003) found a mutation in this gene in two unrelated families where six of the seven family members had OCD.

Answer 50

good supporting evidence- Taylor, Lewis, Nestadt et al

Answer 51

68% of identical twins shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins. This suggests a genetic influence on OCD.

Answer 52

issues with twin studies- flawed evidence eg small sample size, mare share more environmental influences so hard to isolate genetic effects, may develop similar traits too many candidate genes- finding definite cause is unlikely environmental risk factors ignored- cromer et al- OCD more common in people with trauma- environment is more influential than genetics concordance rates not 100% for MZ twins

Answer 53

abnormal functioning of neurotransmitters and brain structures

Answer 54

abnormal transmission of mood relevant info

Answer 55

lateral frontal lobes impaired, responsible for logical thinking and making decisions

Answer 56

high people repeat behaviours that lead to dopamine release

Answer 57

Animal study found that when given high doses of dopamine enhancing drugs, stereotyped movements resembling the compulsive behaviours found in OCD patients was observed.

Answer 58

Antidepressant drugs that work by increasing the amount of serotonin activity have been shown to reduce symptoms of OCD.

Answer 59

parahippocampal gyrus may be impaired

Answer 60

Frontal lobes

Answer 61

High levels of activity in orbital frontal cortex This area is associated with higher level thought processes as well as conversion of sensory information into thoughts

Answer 62

Initiate activity upon receiving impulses to act eg wash dirty hands Once activity is done the impulse to perform activity ceases and therefore behaviour ceases

Answer 63

They may have trouble switching off or ignoring impulses so they turn into obsessions resulting in compulsive behaviour

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Immune system Eg contracting lymes disease or the flu Can attack healthy brain tissue- inflammation in basal ganglia- crucial for motor control, executive functions and emotions

Answer 65

Research evidence- Hu, Fallon and Neilds Drugs that increase serotonin seem to work for some patients, suggesting low levels are the issue

Answer 66

Compared serotonin levels in 169 OCD sufferers and 253 non sufferers, finding serotonin to be lower in those with OCD

Answer 67

Reported 40% of people contacting lymes disease incur neural damage resulting in psychiatric conditions

Answer 68

Not all OCD sufferers respond to serotonin increasing drugs Neural differences between sufferers and non sufferers may not relate to ocd The serotonin link could be co morbidity with depression

Answer 69

key neurotransmitter in brain, which effects motivation and drive

Answer 70

meta analysis of 14 twin studies monozygotic twins are 2x more likely to develop OCD than dizygotic twins

Answer 71

increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood, emotion, and sleep. By increasing serotonin levels, SSRIs can help to reduce anxiety and other symptoms associated with OCD.

Answer 72

excessive activity in caudate nucleus Responsible for planning the execution of movement, but also in learning, memory, reward, motivation, emotion, and romantic interaction. The orbital frontal cortex generates worry signals, which are typically suppressed by the caudate nucleus, but in OCD, this suppression is impaired, leading to excessive worry and anxiety.

Pyschopathology✅ Flashcards

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