Research Methods ✅ Flashcards

Question

Strengths of limitations of independent measure design

Answer 1

Strength No order effects, pps are less likely to guess aim Limitations Individual differences

Answer 2

Strength Pp variables are controlled, less pps needed Limitation More order effects, may improve on 2nd task

Answer 3

Boredom Fatigue Practice

Answer 4

Guessing the aim

Answer 5

Strength No order effects or demand characteristics Limitations Time consuming, expensive, never matched exactly, pre test required

Answer 6

An attempt to control the effects of order in a repeated measure designs, half participants experience conditions in one order, vice versa

Answer 7

How to select pps for a study

Answer 8

A group of people drawn from population to represent who you would want to do the study on

Answer 9

Involves asking a group of people who fit the criteria of your study if they are available

Answer 10

Everybody in target population has an equal chance of being chosen

Answer 11

Classifying population into categories then sample is proportional within population

Answer 12

Participants volunteer when u ask or in response to an advert

Answer 13

A sampling frame is used, a list of people in the target population that has been organized and then picked by a sampling system

Answer 14

Strength Free from researcher bias Limitations Difficult and time consuming, target population is hard to obtain May be unrepresentative Some may refuse

Answer 15

Strength Avoids researcher bias Fairly representative Limitations Time consuming

Answer 16

Strength No researcher bias Representative Generalise findings Limitations Doesn’t reflect ALL people

Answer 17

Strength Convinient Limitations Unrepresentative Researcher bias

Answer 18

Strength Minimal input from researcher Limitations Volunteer bias

Answer 19

Participant must be aware and happy to take part in

Answer 20

No infomed consent, lying, not telling pps abt expected results and how they’ll be used

Answer 21

Should explain the study, expected results, pps results, ask if they want to withdraw results or feel distress

Answer 22

Understand implications Knowing ethical guidelines Getting advice when not confident Qualified Safe How and where to store data

Answer 23

Pps should be asked beginning, end and during if they want to withdraw

Answer 24

Data shouldn’t be discussed No names in published data Confidentiality- can be traced back to names if required as researcher knows Anonymity- can’t be traced back, no names given

Answer 25

Pps should not suffer physical or psychological harm Right to withdraw No greater risk from harm than before Shouldn’t be made to feel embarrassed or inadequate

Answer 26

Presumptive Prior general Retrospective

Answer 27

Ask a similar group if study is okay and if they say yes, presume it’s okay

Answer 28

They give their consent to take part in several studies, including the one you want to conduct

Answer 29

Asked for consent after the study

Answer 30

Sample- large and random Design- use repeated measures or matched pairs

Answer 31

Standardise - keep everything the same for each pp Counterbalance

Answer 32

Deception- lie about aim, distractor questions Single blind- only experimenter knows which condition they are in

Answer 33

Tone of voice Body language Facial expressions Gestures

Answer 34

Double blind- third party involved as neither experimenter or pp knows what condition they are in Inter- rater reliability- independent raters rate the same behaviors as researcher does to check reliability

Answer 35

Nominal- separated into categories (Tall and short)

Answer 36

Ordinal (ordered subjectively) Tallest to shortest

Answer 37

Interval Publicly recognised numerical scale Calculates mean and standard deviation (Actual measurements of height)

Answer 38

Behaviour is watched and recorded without knowledge or consent

Answer 39

Behaviour is watched and recorded with knowledge

Answer 40

Take place in a natural situations

Answer 41

Can take place where some variables are controlled and manipulated by experimenter

Answer 42

Determine the behaviours to be observed Determine the sampling to be used

Answer 43

Observations may be made at regular time intervals and coded

Answer 44

Keep a tally chart of each time a behaviour occurs

Answer 45

Observer records everything that happens

Answer 46

Likert type scale Rating scale Fixed choice option Open question

Answer 47

- questions must be worded so all participants can understand them, only valid if everyone gets it -pilot studies should be carried out to decide what needs changing -consider the sample

Answer 48

Unlikely to give true response to personal questions, but prefer to give a more socially acceptable answer

Answer 49

Likely to agree with something regardless of their true feelings

Answer 50

Mathematical value instead of “it looks positive”

Answer 51

0.00 No relationship +1.00 positive -1.00 negative

Answer 52

-may indicate connection where experimental evidence is hard to obtain -good start point for future research -no manipulation of variables -high ecological validity

Answer 53

Do not prove casual relationship Could be 3rd variable

Answer 54

Where reviewers know the identity of the author but authors do not know the identity of reviewers

Answer 55

The identity of both the author and reviewer is kept hidden

Answer 56

Author and reviewer know each others identity

Answer 57

Allows impartial reviewing, scrutiny and decisions Prevents any influences from the author towards the reviewing process

Answer 58

May cause unnecessary critical and harsh judgement on the authors work Concern of the author over the reviewer publishing the work earlier by delaying process

Answer 59

Prevents reviewer bias Value for the content and work of author rather than reputation

Answer 60

Chances of identifying author through report

Answer 61

Encourages more open and honest reviewing Prevents plagiarism Prevents harsh and malicious comments

Answer 62

May discourage honest reviewing due to fear of arguments that can affect reviewers reputation

Answer 63

How to decide a statistical test

Answer 64

Carrots Should Come Mashed With Swede Under Roast Potatoes

Answer 65

Chi squared Sign test Chi squared Man Whitney Wilcoxon Spearman’s rho Unrelated t test Related t test Pearsons r

Answer 66

N= total number of people with in/decrease S= number of most +/- Step 1: Decide if it’s one or two tailed test Find 0.05 column under that tail test Step2: Trace your finger down the column for 0.05 until you come to whatever you N is Step3: you will then find critical value of x tailed test where n=x at 0.05 level of significance is x Step 4: Compare calculated value with critical value. For the difference to be significant the calculated value must be equal to or less than the critical value

Answer 67

Significance level set too high Accept alternative hypothesis where it should have been recjected

Answer 68

Significance level set too low Reject alternative hypothesis where it should have been accepted

Answer 69

The extent to which a test produces consistent findings every time it is done

Answer 70

Test-retest method- do the same test with the same pps again at a different time. Sufficient time between tests so pps don’t remember answers

Answer 71

When more than one person is assessing behaviours and believe there is consistency on what was seen. May use categories

Answer 72

The extent of which a measure is consistent within itself: different parts of the same test should give consistent results Eg. Attitude scales or personality tests

Answer 73

Split the test in 2, and give it to the same pp, the 2 halves should have similar results

Answer 74

Test retest then compare two sets of data Correlation needs to be +0.8 ——- questions may needs to be rewritten to reduce ambiguousness of interpretation

Answer 75

Use same interviewer each time Avoid leading or ambiguous questions Structured interviewed

Answer 76

Precise replication

Answer 77

Operationalising behavioural categories Categories should not overlap eg hugging and cuddling

Answer 78

True to life

Answer 79

Measure is scrutinised to determine weather it seems to measure what it is supposed to Eg. Does an IQ test look as though it is measuring IQ

Answer 80

Results must be due to manipulation of IV and not another factor Demand characteristics can threaten internal validity

Answer 81

When the measure successfully measures the concept it is supposed to measure

Answer 82

When the results of the study show a very similar result to what was studied in another recognised test

Answer 83

Related to factors outside the study such as generalising to other settings, other populations and other eras

Answer 84

If can be generalised to real life situations and settings

Answer 85

Concerns whether findings from research stand the test of time- are they still relevant 20 years later?

Answer 86

Control group to see changes are due to IV manipulation Ensure procedures are standardised to minimise pp reactivity and investigator effects Use double/single blind procedures- reduces demand characteristics, bias and investigator effects Use double

Answer 87

Incorporation of a lie scale- ensures reliability of answers and control for effects of social desirability bias Ensure pps are advised their data will remain anonymous

Answer 88

Covert observations Behavioural categories are not too ambiguous, broad or overlapping

Answer 89

Shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline Eg evolution

Answer 90

A change in the dominant theory within a scientific discipline

Answer 91

All sources of personal bias are minimised so as not to distort the research process

Answer 92

Gathering of evidence through direct observation and experience

Answer 93

Repeating scientific procedures to test validity of findings

Answer 94

We can only demonstrate the truth of a scientific principle by demonstrating is it untrue

Answer 95

Research abt research

Answer 96

Strength- authentic and direct, specific targets Limitation- time consuming in planing preparing and carrying out research

Answer 97

Strength- inexpensive, minimal effort Limitation- outdated, varies in quality and accuracy

Research Methods ✅ Flashcards

(121 cards)