Attachment✅

Question 1

what is attachment

Answer 1

“A close two-way emotional bond between two individuals, in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security. Attachment in humans takes a few months to develop”.

Question 2

what are 3 behaviours associated with attachment

Answer 2

proximity
secure base behaviour
seperation distress

Question 3

proximity

Answer 3

people try to stay physically close with those they are attached to

Question 4

separation distress

Answer 4

people are distressed when an attachment figure leaves

Question 5

secure base behaviour

Answer 5

explore environment but return to attachment figure for comfort

Question 6

what 5 interactions between an infant and primary caregiver maintain the attachment

Answer 6

bodily contact
mimicking
caregivers
interactional synchrony
reciprocity

Question 7

bodily contact

Answer 7

physical interactions between baby and caregiver

Question 8

mimicking

Answer 8

infants have innate ability to mimic their caregivers facial expression

Question 9

caregivers

Answer 9

parents alter voice to be high, slow and repetitive

Question 10

interactional synchrony

Answer 10

infants move their body in tune with rhythm of carers language

Question 11

reciprocity

Answer 11

interactions result in mutual behaviour where both infants and caregivers can produce responses

Question 12

what do feldman and eidelman say about babies ‘alert phase’

Answer 12

they have periodic alert phases, mothers pick up on this 2/3 times
3 months onwards interactions become more frequent and involve playing close attention to the others verbal signals and facial expressions

Question 13

when is an interaction reciprocal?

Answer 13

when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them

Question 14

caregiver-infant attachment- it is hard to know what is happening when observing infants (eval)

Answer 14

Gratier-
was the babies movement significant or just change in expression
is the infant consciously aware

Question 15

caregiver-infant attachment-controlled observations capture fine detail (eval)

Answer 15

In most cases the mother and infant are being filmed/observed
from multiple angles. Participants can often show ‘demand characteristics’ to fit with what they think the researchers want –
babies cannot do this and subsequently their behaviour is natural.

Question 16

caregiver-infant attachment- observations do not tell us the purpose of synchrony or reciprocity (eval)

Answer 16

isabella et al
high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother interactions

reliably observed

Question 17

schaffer and emerson- role of father

Answer 17

became attached at 7 months to
their mother, with a second
attachment forming a month later.

In 3% of cases, the father was the
primary attachment.

In 27% of cases the father was joint
attachment.

By 18 months, 75% of infants had an
attachment with their father.

Question 18

bowlby on role of father

Answer 18

seen as fun playmate
mum is emotional support and caring (sensitive responsiveness)

Question 19

grossman- role of father study (aim+ procedure)

Answer 19

Aim: Investigate how important are fathers in children’s development & do they have a distinct role

Procedure: Longitudinal Study (44 families) looking at both parents’ behaviour & its relationship to the quality of children’s attachment
experience (to the teens)

Question 20

grossman-role of father (findings and conclusion)

Answer 20

Quality of infant attachment with mothers (not fathers) related to attachments in adolescence. This suggests father attachment less important

However, quality of fathers play with infants WAS related to quality of adolescent
attachments!

Therefore implying that fathers do play a different role in attachment - play and
stimulation (not nurturing)

Question 21

field- role of father

Answer 21

fathers as primary caregivers-
Filmed 4 month old babies in
face-to-face interaction with
primary caregiver mothers,
secondary caregiver fathers and
primary caregiver fathers

Primary Caregiver Fathers spend
more time smiling, imitating and
holding infants than the secondary caregiver fathers

Question 22

(eval- role of father) inconsistent findings on fathers

Answer 22

different researchers are interested in different questions
primary and secondary

Question 23

(eval-role of father) why aren’t children without fathers different

Answer 23

MacCallum and Golombok
(2004)
children growing up in single or same sex parent families do not
develop any differently to those
in a two parent heterosexual
family. This would suggest that
the fathers role as a secondary
attachment figure is not that
important.

Question 24

(eval-role of father) why dont fathers become primary attachment

Answer 24

Oestrogen creates higher levels
of nurture and therefore women
are more biologically predisposed to be the primary
attachment figure.

Question 25

schaffer and emerson study on stages of attachment

Answer 25

investigates formation of babies 60 (WC) babies, were visited every month for a year then at 18 months and asked questions

Question 26

findings of schaffer and emerson's stages of attachment

Answer 26

25-32 weeks= 50% separation anxiety 40 weeks= 80% specific attachments, 30% multiple

Question 28

Feild evaluation

Answer 28

✅verissimo- strong attachment to father= easier to make friends ✅parents can decide pat/ mat leave, custody, more social acceptance ❌ grossman- non hetero couples raise no different children ❌could be other factors eg age, work life balance

Question 29

Evaluation of caregiver- infant interactions

Answer 29

✅ meltzoff and Moore- made facial gestures to 12-21 day y/o, babies had ability to respond ✅condon + sandar- videotaped interaction between caregiver and baby, evidence of interaction synchrony ✅inter observer reliability and cameras ❌research relies on inferences- unscientific ❌social sensitivity

Question 30

Asocial attachment

Answer 30

0-6 weeks Display innate behaviours that ensure proximity to caregiver

Question 31

Indiscriminate

Answer 31

6weeks to 7 months Ability to tell difference between familiar and unfamiliar individuals Smile more at frequent people

Question 32

Specific

Answer 32

7-9 months Form strong attachments with primary Separation and stranger anxiety

Question 33

Multiple

Answer 33

9 months+ Form attachments with other regular caregivers Stranger anxiety decreases

Question 34

Evaluation of Schaffer and Emerson stages of attachment

Answer 34

❌ not generalisable (only Glasgow or WC) ❌temporal validity (1960s) ✅ observed in homes- high mundane realism

Question 35

Lorenz- imprinting

Answer 35

Goose eggs randomly divided (half with him, half with mother) Ones he hatched imprinted on him, critical period of 32 hrs Imprinting= strong evolutionary or biological feature of attachment

Question 36

Harlow monkeys (cupboard love theory)

Answer 36

Monkeys in cages with 2 surrogate mothers- (one provided comfort, one food) time spent with each mother was recorded Most time spent with cloth mother, only visiting food mum when needed. Maternal dep caused permanent social disorders in the wild

Question 37

Evaluation of Harlows monkeys and Lorenz

Answer 37

✅ harlows findings on contact comfort have been influential eg bowlbys critical period ✅ Lorenz findings influenced bowlbys critical period ✅practical application eg hospital procedure ❌generalisation of animals to humans is problematic ❌harlows ethics

Question 38

Dolland and miller cupboard love theory

Answer 38

Infants become attached to caregiver as they provide food

Question 39

How is classical conditioning used in cupboard love theory

Answer 39

Food (ucs) providing pleasure (ucr) Mother is present everytime baby is fed (ns) Mother is associated with pleasure of feeding (cs) Mum provides pleasure (cr)

Question 40

How is operant conditioning used in cupboard love theory

Answer 40

Positive reinforcement- when parent feeds crying baby, baby is more likely to repeat crying behaviour to get food Parents feeding baby is negatively reinforced as baby stops crying

Question 41

Evaluation of dolland and miller cupboard love theory

Answer 41

❌Harlows research reject it as monkeys wanted contact comfort not food ❌parents relationship with children is more complicated than food (environmentally reductionist) ✅face validity- makes sense that babies cry when they learn crying gains them attention and food ✅supporting research- Pavlov and skinner

Question 42

Insecure avoidant

Answer 42

Explore freely, no safe base, low separation or stranger anxiety Mothers= low sensitive responsiveness

Question 43

Secure

Answer 43

Safe base, mid level of stranger/ separation anxiety Caregivers= show sensitive responsiveness

Question 44

Insecure avoidant

Answer 44

Clingy, high stranger and separation anxiety, when mothers return they crave but reject attention Caregiver= inconsistent with sensitive responsiveness

Question 45

Ainsworths strange situation

Answer 45

Observation of infant and mother in lab settings. 8 stages include mother leaving and stranger entering Evidence of 3 attachment types that correlate with level of sensitive responsiveness 66% secure 22% avoidant 12% resistant

Question 46

Evaluation of strange situation

Answer 46

✅highly controlled w/ standardised procedures, clear categories ✅predictive validity- children securely attached tend to have better outcomes. MCCARTHY- adults w/ secure friendships and relationships were securely attached ❌culture bound test- can’t apply to other cultures ❌low ecological validity- not in familiar environment, demand characteristics for mother

Question 47

Van ijzendoorns culture variation in attachment

Answer 47

Meta analysis of 2000 infants in 32 studies from 8 countries Secure- most common Insecure- least common

Question 48

Where was avoidant most common (ijzendoorn)

Answer 48

Germany- 35%

Question 49

Where was resistant most common (ijizendoorn)

Answer 49

Japan- 27%

Question 50

Evaluation of ijzendoorns study

Answer 50

✅dominant= secure, evidence for bowlbys theory that there’s a biological and instinctive way to parent ✅large sample ❌lack temporal validity- SIMONELLI- found fewer secure and more avoidant in modern Italian families as they’ve changed overtime ❌cultural bias- secure is most common in western culture

Question 51

Bowlbys theory of maternal dep

Answer 51

If child monotropic attachment is disrupted in critical period due to prolonged separation, depreivation is irreversible and negative

Question 52

Consequences of maternal dep

Answer 52

Delinquency Emotional dev- affectionless psycopathy (no guilt or empathy) Intellectual dev- low IQ Continuity hypothesis- affect internal working model= bad relationships

Question 53

Evaluation of maternal deprivation

Answer 53

✅44 thieves study- 14/44=affectionless psycopathy, 12/14= maternal dep ✅led to changes in child welfare ❌may be a 3rd factor (LEWIS- 500 thieves and no correlation) ❌monotony exaggerates importance of mother as primary caregiver (alpha bias)

Question 54

Bowlbys SoMAGIC Evolutionary theory of attachment

Answer 54

Social releases Monotropy Adaptive advantage Good quality care Internal working model Critical period

Question 55

Bowlbys internal model

Answer 55

Infants develop schema based on attachment to PC and it acts as template for relationships

Question 56

Hazen and shavers love quiz

Answer 56

Secure= more socially capable Resistant= clingy and controlling Avoidant= feared closeness

Question 57

Evaluation of internal working model

Answer 57

✅ MCCARTHY- adults with friendships and relationship= secure ✅hazen and shaver love quiz ✅myron-Wilson- bullies are resistant, the bullied are avoidant ❌temperament hypothesis, high= inhibited and anxious, low= outgoing adults ❌may be another variable in correlation