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Approaches- Year 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Wilhem Wundt’s role in origins of psychology?

A

“Father of psychology”. Established the first psychology lab in 1879. He pioneered the method of introspection.

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2
Q

What was the aim of Wundt’s first psychology lab?

A

To describe the nature of human consciousness in a carefully controlled and scientific environment.

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3
Q

What was introspection?

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness of thoughts, images and sensations.

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4
Q

What is scructuralism?

A

Isolating the structure of consciousness.

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5
Q

What was the process of introspection?

A

1) participants are trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possible
2) participants asked to focus on sensory object (ticking metronome)
3) participants systematically report their experience of object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements; reporting sensations, thoughts and images.

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6
Q

Who are the key psychologists of the behaviourist approach?

A

Skinner and Pavlov

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6
Q

What conditioning did Pavlov conduct and with what animals?

A

Classical conditioning- dogs.

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7
Q

What conditioning did Skinner conduct and with what animals?

A

Operant conditioning- rats.

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8
Q

What was the approach to Classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association. Pavlov showed how a neutral stimulus (bell) can elicit a new learned response (conditioned response) through association.

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9
Q

What was Skinner’s research?

A

Skinner’s box held rats. When a rat activated a lever, it was rewarded with a food pellet. If the rat did not, it was punished with an electric shock.

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10
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Giving something in order for a desired behaviour to be repeated.

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11
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Taking something away in order for a desired behaviour to be repeated

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12
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Giving something in order for a behaviour not to be repeated.

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13
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Taking something away in order for a punishment to not be repeated.

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14
Q

Who is the main psychologist in the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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15
Q

What did Bandura propose?

A

Learning takes place in a social context through observation and imitation of other people’s behaviour.

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16
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning related to consequences of behaviour

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17
Q

What are the four mediational processes developed by Bandura?

A

Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, Motivation.

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18
Q

What is attention in the mediational process?

A

The extent to which we notice behaviours.

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19
Q

What is the retention in the medial process?

A

How well the behaviour is remembered.

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20
Q

What is motor reproduction in the medial process?

A

The ability of the observer to perform behaviour.

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21
Q

What motivation in the medial process?

A

The will to perform behaviour, which is often determined by whether behaviour was rewarded or punished.

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22
Q

What is a role model in SLT?

A

Someone a child identifies with so more likely to imitate. Tend to be attractive and have a high status.

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23
Q

What is Bandura’s research 1?

A

Recorded behaviour of children who watched adult behave aggressively towards a bobo doll.
Also recorded behaviour of children who witnessed non-aggressive behaviour towards bobo doll.

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24
What were the findings of Bandura's research 1?
When given own doll to play with, children who had seen aggression, were much more aggressive towards the doll.
25
What is Bandura's research 2?
Children saw an adult who was either: Rewarded Punished Neither rewarded or punished After behaving aggressively towards a bobo doll.
26
What were the findings of Bandura's research 2?
When children were given their own doll to play with, those who saw aggressive behaviour being rewarded were more aggressive themselves.
27
What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?
Directly contrasts the behaviourist approach. Argues internal mental processes can and should be studied scientifically. Processes cannot be observed, so psychologists study them indirectly by making inferences about what is going on in someone's mind on basis of behaviour.
28
What is an example of a theoretical model in the cognitive approach?
Information processing approach, which suggests information flows through cognitive system.
29
What is a schema?
Packages of information developed through experience, acting as mental framework for interpretation of incoming info received by cognitive system.
30
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes.
31
What are the assumptions of the biological approach?
Everything psychological is first biological. To understand human behaviour, we must look at biological structures and processes like genes, neurochemsitry and nervous system.
32
What does the biological approach think about the mind?
It lives inside the brain, meaning that thoughts feelings and behaviour have a physical basis.
33
What are twin studies used for in the biological approach?
Used to determine concordance rates- extent to which twins share same characteristic.
34
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
Genotype is person's actual genetic makeup. Phenotype is way genes are expressed through behavioural, psychological and physical characteristics.
35
Who proposed the theory of natural selection in the biological approach?
Charles Darwin.
36
What is the theory of natural selection in the biological approach?
Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances survival and reproduction will be passed to future generations.
37
What are the key assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
Suggested the mind is made up of the: Conscious pre-conscious unconscious
38
What is the conscious in the psychodynamic approach?
What we are aware of.
39
What is the pre-conscious in the psychodynamic approach?
Memories and thoughts we are not currently aware of but can be accessed.
40
What is the unconscious in the psychodynamic approach?
Unaware of the contents. Storehouse of biological drives and instincts that influence our behaviour.
41
What are the three parts that Freud said the personality has?
Id Ego Superego
42
What is the Id?
Operates on the pleasure principle, demands instant gratification.
43
What is the ego?
Works on the morality principle. Mediator between id and superego.
44
What is the superego?
Internalised sense of right or wrong, based on morality principle. Punishes ego through guilt.
45
What is the oral stage?
0-1 years Pleasure focus= mouth. Object of desire= mothers' breast. Consequence of unresolved conflict= oral fixation- smoking, sarcastic, critical.
46
What is the anal stage?
1-3 years Pleasure focus= anus. Gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. Consequence of unresolved conflict= anal retentive- perfectionist, obsessive. anal expulsive- thoughtless, messy
47
What is the phallic stage?
3-5 years Pleasure focus= genital area Consequence of unresolved conflict= phallic personality- homosexual, narcistic.
48
What is the latency stage?
6-11 years Earlier conflicts are repressed.
49
What is the genital stage?
Puberty Sexual desires become conscious
50
What is the oedipus complex?
Important psychosexual conflict at phallic stage. Boys develop incestuous feelings towards mother and murderous feelings towards father. Later repress these feelings for mother and identify with father.
51
What are defence mechanisms?
Used by ego to keep id "in check" and reduce anxiety.
52
What are the defence mechanisms?
Repression Denial Displacement
53
What is the defence mechanism repression?
Forcing a distressing memory out of conscious mind.
54
What is the defence mechanism Denial?
Refusing to acknowledge reality
55
What is the defence mechanism displacement?
Transferring feelings from one source onto substitute target.
56
What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Rejects attempts to establish scientific principles of behaviour. Takes on a free will approach, rather than deterministic.
57
What are all the tiers of Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-actualisation Self esteem Love and belonging Safety and security Physiological needs
58
What is self-actualisation?
Desire to grow psychologically and fulfil potential.
59
What is the "self" in the humanistic approach?
Ideas and values that characterise "me"
60
What is congruence?
Carl Rogers argues personal growth requires individual's self to be congruent with ideal self.
61
What is Rogers' client-centred therapy?
Counselling psychology. Therapist should provide client with: Genuineness Empathy Unconditional positive regard

Psychology (15 decks)

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