Memory- Year 1 Flashcards
(50 cards)
What did Baddeley (1966) research into?
Coding into STM and LTM.
Expand on Baddeley’s research.
Acoustically similar words (Cat, Cab) or dissimilar (Pit, Few). Semantically similar words (Large, Big) or dissimilar (good, hot).
What were Baddeley’s findings?
If immediate recall worse with acoustically similar words, STM is acoustic. If recall after 20 minutes is worse with semantically similar words, LTM is semantic.
What did Jacobs (1887) research into?
Capacity of the LTM.
Expand on Jacobs’ research.
Digit span: researcher reads four digits and increases until the participant cannot recall the order correctly.
What were Jacobs’ findings?
On average, participants could repeat back 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters in the correct order immediately after they were presented.
What did Miller (1956) research into?
Capacity of STM.
Expand on Miller’s research.
Made observations of everyday practice. E.g he noted that things came in sevens: 7 notes on musical scale, 7 deadly sins etc.
What were Miller’s findings?
Span of STM is about 7 items (plus or minus 2) but can be improved by chunking- grouping sets of digits/ letters into meaningful units.
What did Peterson and Peterson (1959) research into?
Duration of the STM.
Expand on Peterson and Peterson’s research.
24 students were given a consonant syllable (YGC) to remember and a 3-digit number to count backwards for 3,6,9,12,15, or 18 seconds.
What were Peterson and Peterson’s findings?
On average, students recalled about 80% of the syllables correctly with a 3-second interval. Average recall after 18 seconds fell to about 3%. Suggesting that duration of STM without rehearsal is about 18 to 30 seconds.
What did Bahrick et al. (1975) research into)
Duration of LTM.
Expand on Bahrick’s research.
Participants were 392 Americans ages between 17 and 74. They were given the photo recognition test- 50 photos from a participants’ high school yearbook and a free recognition test- participants would name people from their graduating class without a picture.
What were Bahrick’s findings?
Photo recognition within 15 years of graduation = 90% accurate.
Photo recognition within 48 years of graduation = 70% accurate.
Free recall after 15 years = 60% accurate.
Free recall after 48 years = 30% accurate.
What are the memory stores of the multistore model and memory?
Stimulus from the environment, sensory register, iconic, echoic, other sensory stores, short term memory store, response (remembering), prolonged rehearsal, long-term memory store, retrieval, maintenance rehearsal (rehearsal loop).
What are the three types of LTM?
Episodic, semantic, procedural.
What is episodic memory?
Stores events from our lives- breakfast you ate this morning, last dentist appointment, the wedding you went to last week.
What is semantic memory?
Stores our knowledge of the world- taste of an orange, meaning of words.
What is procedural memory?
Stores memory for actions and skills- Memories of how we do things, riding a bike, playing tennis, driving a car.
What type of memory is the working memory model a model of?
Short term memory.
What are the parts to the WMM?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer.
What is interference?
When two pieces of information are in conflict. Forgetting occurs in LTM because we can’t access to memories even though they are available.
What is proactive interference?
Old interferes with the new. (Teacher learns many names in the past and can’t remember names of her current class)
