Psychology paper 1 subjects to work on

Question 1

Resistance to social influence:
How does social support affect conformity?

Answer 1

Asch’s research shows dissenting peer enables person to be free to follow own conscience. Dissenting peer acts as a model.

Question 2

Resistance to social influence:
How does social support affect obedience?

Answer 2

Milgram’s variations- rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when disobedient confederate joined genuine participant.

Question 3

Resistance to social influence:
Who researched into Locus of Control (LOC)?

Answer 3

Rotter.

Question 4

Resistance to social influence:
What did Rotter research into?

Answer 4

Concept concerned with internal control vs external control.

Question 5

Resistance to social influence:
What has LOC got to do with resistance to social influence?

Answer 5

People with high internal LOC are more likely to resist pressures to conform/obey. Their personality traits lead to greater resistance t social influence.

Question 6

Minority influence:
Who studied the blue slide, green slide?

Answer 6

Moscovici.

Question 7

Minority influence:
What did Moscovici research into?

Answer 7

Group of 6 asked to view set of 36 blue slides varying in intensity. Asked to state if slides were blue or green.
Each group had 2 confederates who consistently said slides were green on 2 thirds of trials.

Question 8

What were Moscovici’s findings?

Answer 8

Same wrong answer- 8.42%
Same wrong answer at least once- 32%
Second group exposed to inconsistent minority- agreement fell to 12.5%.
Third control group had no confederates and participants just identified colour of each slide.

Question 9

What is process of change?

Answer 9

Consistency, commitment and flexibility make you think about a topic. Over time, increasing numbers of people switch from minority to majority this is the snowball effect.

Question 10

Social change:
What are the stages of Social change?

Answer 10

1) Drawing attention
2) Consistency
3) Deeper processing
4) Augmentation principle
5) Snowball effect
6) Social cryptomnesia

Question 11

Social change:
How does Asch’s research highlight social change?

Answer 11

Importance of dissent-
Confederate gave correct answers throughout variation breaking power of majority and encouraged others to dissent.

Question 12

Effects of similarity:
Who outlined the procedure?

Answer 12

McGeoch and McDonald.

Question 13

Effects of Similarity:
What was the research of McGeoch and McDonald?

Answer 13

Studied retroactive interference by changing amount of similarity between two types of materials.

Question 14

Effects of Similarity:
What was the procedure of McGeoch and McDonald?

Answer 14

Participants had to learn list of 10 words until they could remember with 100% accuracy. Then learned a new list. 6 groups of participants had to learn different types of word lists.

Question 15

Effects of Similarity:
What were McGeoch and McDonald’s findings?

Answer 15

Performance depended on nature of second list when participants recalled original list. The most similar material produced worst recall.

Question 16

Effects of Similarity:
What was the most similar material?

Answer 16

Synonyms.

Question 17

Effects of Similarity:
What did the findings suggest?

Answer 17

Interference is strongest when memories are similar.

Question 18

Retrieval Failure:
Why do people forget?

Answer 18

Insufficient cues. When info is first put in memory, cues that are associated are stored at the same time.
If cues are not available at time of recall, it may appear that you have forgotten but it is due to retrieval failure.

Question 19

Retrieval Failure:
What is ESP?

Answer 19

Encoding specificity principle.

Question 20

Retrieval Failure:
Who researched into ESP?

Answer 20

Tulving.

Question 21

Retrieval Failure:
What was Tulving’s findings?

Answer 21

If cues available at encoding and retrieval are different, there will be some forgetting.

Question 22

Retrieval Failure:
Who carried out research into context-dependant forgetting?

Answer 22

Godden and Baddely.

Question 23

Retrieval Failure:
What did Godden and Baddely research into?

Answer 23

Scuba-divers.

Question 24

Retrieval Failure:
What were Godden and Baddely’s findings?

Answer 24

Accurate recall was 40% in non-matching conditions.

Question 25

Retrieval Failure: Who studied state-dependant forgetting?

Answer 25

Carter and Cassady.

Question 26

Retrieval Failure: What was the procedure of Carter and Cassady?

Answer 26

Gave drugs with sedative to make them drowsy to participants. This made an internal psychological state different from normal state. Participants had to learn list of words, then had to recall information.

Question 27

Retrieval Failure: What were Carter and Cassady's finding?

Answer 27

Conditions with mixmatch between internal state and learning at recall, performance on memory test was significantly worse.

Question 28

Misleading Information: Who conducted research into leading questions?

Answer 28

Loftus and Palmer.

Question 29

Misleading Information: What was the verbs that Loftus and Palmer gave?

Answer 29

Contacted and Smashed.

Question 30

Misleading Information: What was the finding for the verbs?

Answer 30

Contacted- average of 31.8mph Smashed- average of 40.5mph

Question 31

Misleading information: What is the response-bias explanation?

Answer 31

Wording of a question has no effect on participants' memory, just influence.

Question 32

Misleading information: What is the substitution explanation?

Answer 32

Wording of question actually changes participants' memory.

Question 33

Misleading information: What is post-event discussion?

Answer 33

When co-witnesses of a crime discuss it with eachother, EWT becomes contaminated.

Question 34

Misleading information: Who conducted research into post-event discussion?

Answer 34

Gabbert et al.

Question 35

Misleading information: What was Gabbert et al.'s procedure?

Answer 35

Participants in pairs. Both watched video of same crime but in different perspectives. Participants then discussed what they had seen before completing test of recall.

Question 36

Misleading information: What were Gabbert's findings?

Answer 36

71% recalled aspects of events they didn't see. Control group- 0%

Question 37

Misleading information: What is memory conformity?

Answer 37

Witnesses go along with eachother to win social opinion or because they believe other person is right.

Question 38

EWT- anxiety: Who researched into anxiety having a negative effect on memory?

Answer 38

Johnson and Scott.

Question 39

EWT- anxiety: What was Johnson and Scott's research?

Answer 39

2 group, man walks in after argument. Group one he had a pen. Group two loud crash and he had a knife.

Question 40

EWT- anxiety: What were Johnson and Scott's findings?

Answer 40

Participants had to pick him out of a set of 50 photos. Group 1- 49% identified him. Group 2- 33% identified him.

Question 41

EWT- anxiety: What is the Tunnel Theory of Memory?

Answer 41

Argues witness' attention narrows to focus on a weapon because it is a source of anxiety.

Question 42

EWT- anxiety: Who researched into anxiety having a positive effect on recall?

Answer 42

Yuille and Cutshall.

Question 43

EWT- anxiety: What was Yuille and CUtshall's research?

Answer 43

13 participants witnessed a shooting in gun shop 4-5 months prior study. Witnesses asked to rate how stressed they felt at time of incident, then asked if they had any emotional problems.

Question 44

EWT- anxiety: What were Yuille and Cuthsall's findings?

Answer 44

Witnesses were accurate, with very little change in 5 months. Participants with most stress-88% accuracy Participants with least stress- 75% accuracy.

Question 45

Maternal Deprivation: Who conducted research?

Answer 45

Bowlby

Question 46

Maternal Deprivation: What was Bowlby's research?

Answer 46

Studied link between emotionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation.

Question 47

Maternal Deprivation: What was the 44 thieves study procedure?

Answer 47

Sampled 44 criminal teens accused of stealing. Thieves were interviewed for signs of psychopathy. Families interviewed to establish prolonged separation from mothers.

Question 48

Maternal Deprivation: What was the control group in the 44 thieves study?

Answer 48

Non-criminal, emotionally disturbed teens to see how often maternal deprivation occurred in non thieves.

Question 49

Maternal Deprivation: What were the findings of the 44 thieves study?

Answer 49

14 of the 44 thieves were described as affectionless psychopathy. 12 of the 14 had experienced prolonged separation. 5 of the remaining 30 experienced prolonged separation.

Question 50

Maternal Deprivation: What were the findings of the control group in the 44 thieves study?

Answer 50

2 out of 44 experienced prolonged separations.

Question 51

Bio explaining OCD: Who observed OCD patients?

Answer 51

Lewis

Question 52

Bio explaining OCD: What did Lewis find?

Answer 52

37% had parents with OCD. 21% had siblings with OCD.

Question 53

Bio explaining OCD: What does the Diathesis-stress model suggest?

Answer 53

Certain genes leave people more likely to suffer a mental disorder, but this is not certain.

Question 54

Bio explaining OCD: What are candidate genes?

Answer 54

Create vulnerability for OCD. Some of these genes involved in regulating sertotonin system.

Question 55

Bio explaining OCD: What is an example of a candidate gene?

Answer 55

5HT1-D Beta

Question 56

Bio explaining OCD: Who looked into the idea of OCD being polygenic?

Answer 56

Taylor.

Question 57

Bio explaining OCD: What was Taylor's research?

Answer 57

Found that there are up 230 genes involved in OCD.

Question 58

Bio explaining OCD: What is the word for the origin of OCD has different causes?

Answer 58

Aetiologically heterogeneous

Question 59

Bio explaining OCD: What is Serotonin believed to do?

Answer 59

Regulate mood.

Question 60

Bio explaining OCD: What happens if someone has low levels of serotonin?

Answer 60

Normal transmission of mood-relevant information does not take place, mood is sometimes affected.

Question 61

Bio explaining OCD: What does decision-making systems have to do with OCD?

Answer 61

Some cases of OCD, like hoarding disorder, may be associated with abnormal functioning of lateral of frontal lobes. Evidence to suggest that the left parahippocampal gyrus functions abnormally with OCD.

Question 62

Bio treatment OCD: What does Drug therapy aim to do?

Answer 62

Decrease/ increase levels of neurotransmitters in the brain to increase/ decrease their activity.

Question 63

Bio treatment OCD: What does SSRI stand for?

Answer 63

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Question 64

Bio treatment OCD: How do SSRIs work?

Answer 64

Prevents reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin. SSRIs increase levels in synapse, continuing to stimulate post synaptic neuron. This compensates for what is wrong with serotonin system in OCD.

Question 65

Bio treatment OCD: What is the typical dosage of Fluoxetine?

Answer 65

20mg.

Question 66

Bio treatment OCD: What are the alternatives to SSRIs?

Answer 66

Tricyclics.