Architecture Form Space & Order ch 1-7 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
We percieve all things as either a positive or negative. Positive elements are seen as ____ while negative elements are the ______.
A
Figures
Background
2
Q
Stepping up to a space might express the extroverted nature or ___ of a space, while lowering a space might indicate it’s ________ qualities
A
Significance
Sheltering
3
Q
What are seven theories of proportion?
A
Golden Section (or ratio)
Classical Orders
Renaissance Theories
Modular
Ken
Anthropometric
Scale
4
Q
Describe a subtractive transformation
A
Subtractive transformation is the removal of a portion of an objects volume. It can remain in the same family of forms or be transformed into a form from another family
i.e.: a cube can have a portion removed and still remain a cube, or it can be transformed into a polygon that begins to look like a sphere.
5
Q
Describe an interlocking space.
A
The field of a space overlaps the volume of another space
6
Q
Proportion refers to the ________ of ratios
A
Equality
7
Q
4 ways a form can be articulated
A
*Different material, color, texture or pattern on adjoining planes
*Develop corners as distinct linear elements independent of abuting planes
*Remove corners to physically separate neighboring planes
*Lighting the form to create sharp contrasts in tonal values along edges and corners
8
Q
The visual and tactile quality given to a surface by the size, shape, arrangement and proportion of the parts is the __________. (Also determines the degree to which the surfaces of a form reflects or absorbs incident light.
A
Texture
9
Q
Anthropometry:
There are 3 types of fit between a person and their environment.
These are static, dynamic and social distance. Briefly describe each of these.
A
Static - sitting in a chair or leaning against a railing
Dynamic - Entering a foyer, walking up a stairway
Social Distance - the ability to control our personal space
10
Q
What is a line with the following properties:
Length and width
shape
surface
orientation
position
A
A plane
11
Q
Describe grid organization
A
Spaces within the field of a structural grid or other 3-dimensional framework
12
Q
What does transitional transformation refer to?
A
Altering one or more dimensions, but still retain its identity as a member of a family of forms
13
Q
An ____ plane can define a transitional space between the interior and exterior of a building. Comined with a roof it develops into a semi-private porch or veranda
A
Elevated
14
Q
Proportion refers to the proper or harmonious relation of one part to the _________
A
Whole
15
Q
What are 2 ways besides going thru a door that can signify an entryway to a space.
A
Going between 2 pillars or under an overhead beam
or
a change in level
16
Q
A regularly spaced series of columns or similar vertical elements form a _________. It may also engage a wall and become a ______ that supports the wall, articulates its surcace and tempers the scale, rhythm and proportioning of its bays.
A
Collonade
pillastrade
17
Q
Creating a stepped, terraced or ramped transition from one level to the other helps provide ____ between a sunken space and the raised area around it
A
Continuity
18
Q
Of the three dimensions of a room (length, width and height) which has the greatest effect on how large a space appears?
A
The ceiling height
19
Q
A frontal view of a plane reveals its true shape while an oblique angle __________ it.
A
Distorts
20
Q
What influences our perception of the shape, size, scale, proportion and visual weight of an object?
A
It’s surface properties and visual context
21
Q
What do texture and color together affect?
A
The visual weight and scale, and the degree it absorbs or reflects light and sound
22
Q
A long narrow opening, either vertical or horizontal can . . . . .
A
Hint at what lies beyond
23
Q
Renaissance Theories
How was the height of a room with a flat ceiling deteremined?
a vaulted ceiling determined?
A
Flat ceiling - the ceiling height equalled the width of the room
Vaulted ceiling - the ceiling height equalled 1 1/3 of the width.
24
Q
List 6 properties of enclosure:
A
Shape
Surface
Edges
Dimensions
Configuration
Openings
25
The physical dimensions of length, width and depth of a form determine the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The scale is determined by this in relation to othe forms in its context.
Size
26
What tpe of configuration of planes defines a volume of space oriented axially toward 2 open ends
Parallel planes
27
Turning a corner with a horizontal opening reinforce ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ of a space and broadens the panoramic view. If the opening continues around the space it will visually lift the ceiling plane from the walls, isolate it and give it a feeling of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Horizontal layering
Lightness
28
What type of plane articulates the surface on which it fronts
A single vertical plan
29
A series of forms arrange sequentially in a row is a _______ form.
Linear
30
Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the size and proportions of the ____ \_\_\_\_\_.
Human body
31
What is the degree of concentraton and stability of a form? (Depends on its geometry as well as its orientation relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity and the line of sight)
Visual inertia
32
An axis can be created by a _______ arrangement of forms and spaces
Symmetrical
33
A number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central parent form is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Centralized form
34
What is a point with length, direction and position?
A line
35
Edges, nodes and terminations of the path determine the _____ - ________ relationship
path - space
36
A balanced arrangement of similar elements on opposite sides of a median axis that cuts the plane in identical halves is called a\_\_\_\_\_\_ symmetry
Bilateral
37
What can aid our perception of size and scale of an object?
Elements of known size (a person standing within a space)
38
For the Greeks and the Romans all dimensions of a column, from the shaft, the capital, the pedestal and entablature as well as the spacing of columns was based on the diameter of the column. This is known as ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Classical Orders
39
A small opening can ______ a view and be seen as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Frame
Picture
40
Describe clustered organization
Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship
41
Grouping:
In this type of relationship, the forms share a common edge and can pivot about that edge
Edge - to - edge contact
42
Describe spaces linked by a common space
Two spaces may rely on an intermediate space for their relationahip
43
Renaissance Theories are base on Pythagoras' theory of mathmatics, which was translated into __ \_\_\_\_\_\_ __ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a theory of proportion.
i.e.1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 . . . . .
or
1, 3, 9, 27, 81. . . . . . . .
44
The physical dimensions of length, width, and depth of a form determine its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. While these dimensions determine theh proportions of a form, its scale is determined by this in relation to other forms in its context.
Size
45
What are 3 ways that interlocking spaces can be interpretted?
\*Share equally between the two spaces
\*It can merge with one of the two spaces
\*It can develop its own integreity as a space that links the two spaces
46
What is a plane the with following properties:
length, width & depth
form and space
surface
orientation
position
A volume
47
Multiple openings can be clustered to form a unified composition or be staggered or dispersed to create\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Visual Movement
48
Articulation refers to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the manner in which the surfaces of a form come together to define its shape and volume.
An articulated form clearly reveals the precise nature of its parts nad their relainships to each other and to the whole.
49
Corridors, halls, galleries, stairways and rooms form the _____________ path
Circulation
50
An oblique approach enhances the effect of __________ on the front facade and form of the building. If the approaching angle is extreme the entrance can . . . .. . . to be more visible.
Perspective
extend beyond the facade
51
A ratio refers to comparison of __ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
two similar things
52
Wood is a _________ and __________ material which can be used as posts, beams, planar boards and as a volumetric element in log cabin construction
Flexible and elastic
53
How is the significance of a space shown in a clustered plan?
Size, form or orientation withing the pattern
54
A frontal approach to a bulding is the most direct. It can be the entire front ______ or an elaborate _______ withing the plane.
facade
entrance
55
Texture and color together affect the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and ________ of a plane and the degree to which it absorbs or reflects ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Visual weight
Scale
Light and sound
56
Order without diversity can create \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Monotony and Boredom
57
Classical Orders:
All dimensions of a building were ___________ and in __________ with one another.
Proportionate
Harmony
58
What is visual scale?
How large something appears in relation to what is around it
59
Describe the Fibinocci Series of numbers
Each number is the sum of the 2 preceeding numbers
i.e: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 . . . . to infinity)
This is very similar to the Golden Ratio
60
Describe a space within a space?
A space that is completely contained within another space.
61
The science applied to the coordination of the design of objects and how the human body interacts with it is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Ergonomics
62
In this type of relationship, the forms interpentrate each other space. The forms need not hsare any visual traits.
Interlocking volumes
63
What will increase or decrease the visual weight of an object?
Modifying the tonal value
64
Grouping:
This type of relationship relies on the close proximity of the forms or their sharing of a common visual trait, such as shape, color or material
Spatial tension
65
Describe centralized organization
A dominant space which a number of secondary spaces are grouped around
66
Brick is an example of a ___________ form because it depends on its mass for strength
Volumetric
67
The distant view of building is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Approach
68
Describe radial organization
A central space about which linear organizaton are arranged in a radial manner
69
What is the critical dimension of a beam in determining the load it can carry?
its depth
70
A distinct contrast between the surface color of a plane and that of the surrounding field can clarify its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while modifying its tonal value can either increase or decrease its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Shape
Visual weight
71
What is the critical dimension of a column which determines the load it can carry?
Its thickness
72
Ordering Principals - Axis
Since an axis is a linear condition it has qualities of length and direction, and induces movement and promotes views along its path. For definition it must be terminated at both ends by .....
A significant space or form
73
What are 11 qualities of space?
Form - Color - Texture
Pattern - Sound - Proportion
Scale - Definition - Degree of Enclosure
View or Outlook - Light
74
A composition of linear forms extending outware from a central form is a __________ form
Radial
75
The location of a form relative to its environment or the visual field within which it is seen is its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Position
76
A collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual point is a __________ form.
Clustered
77
Describe linear organization
A linear sequence of repetitive spaces
78
Architectural form occurs at the juncture between _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mass and space
79
The direction of a form relative to the ground plane, the compass points, other forms, or to the person viewing the form is its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Orientation
80
All building materials have distinct properties of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ___________ and __________ as well as an ultimate strength beyond which they cannot exceed without \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-, __________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Elasticity, hardness and durability
Fracturing, breaking or collapsing
81
Directional or oversized optical patterns can ______ the shape or _____ the proportions of a plane
Distort or exaggerate
82
Renaissance Theories:
What are the three means of determining the height of a space?
Arithmetic: c-b/b-a = c/c (1, 2, 3 or 6, 9, 12)
Geometirc: c-b/b-a = c/b (1, 2, 4... or 4, 6, 9)
Harmonic: c-b/b-a = c/a (2, 3, 6... or 6, 8, 12)
In each case the height of a room is equal to the mean (b) between the two extremes of the width (a) and the length (c) of the room
83
What is the most common type of spacial relationship?
Adjoining
84
Diversity without order can produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chaos
85
What is articulation?
It refers to the way surfaces of a form come together to define shape and volume
86
What are the 3 types of transformations of an object?
Dimensional, subtractive, additive
87
What are 3 ways to visually reinforce an entrance?
\*Make the opening lower, wider or narrower than anticipated
\*make the entrance deep and circuitous
\*Articulate the opening with ornamentation or decorative embellishment
88
The separating plane between 2 adjacent spaces may (4 things):
\*Limit visual and physical access, reinforce the individuality of each space and accomodate their differences
\*Appear as a freestanding plane
\*Be defined with a row of columns that allows a high degree of spacial continuity
\*Be only implied be a change in level or a contrast in surface material
89
What is the Ken modular system proportions.
A takami mat is 1 lenth x 1/2 length. One length is a ken and all rooms in Japanese architeture is based on this unit. Ceiling height is established by multiplying the number of mats by 0.3
90
What type of vertical plane generates a field of space from its corner outward along a diagonal plane?
An L-shaped plane
91
What elements define the perpendicular edges of a volume of space
Vertical linear elements
92
What indicates a position in space?
A point
93
An opening located completely within a wall or ceiling plane will appear as a bright figure on a contrasting background. If centered it will appear stable and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the surface around it.
Moving the opening off-center will create a degree of \_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ between the opening and the edges of the plane toward which it is moved.
Visual Organize
Visual Tension
94
Describe the golden section (or ratio)
An object is divided into 2 sections with the smaller in proportion to the larger as the larger is to the whole
Written algebraically as a/b = b/a+b
95
What are four reasons for modifying the ceiling plane of a structure?
\*Define and articulate a space within a room
\*Alter the scale of a space
\*Define a path of movement thru a space
\*Allow natural light to enter a space
96
A set of modular forms related and regulated by a three dimensional grid is a __________ form.
Grid.
97
While a window wall weakens the vertical boundaries of a space it creates the potential for __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the space beyond its physical boundaries
visually expanding
98
What are the three ways a space can be called out as being more important in a hierarchal scheme?
Size
Shape
Placement or Orientation
99
An element that refers to a line, plane or volume of reference to which other elements in a composition can relate is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Datum
100
The principle of hierarchy implies that in most if not all architectural compositions, real differences exist among their forms and spaces. These differences reflect the ______ \_\_ __________ of these forms and spaces, as well as the functional, formal and symbolic roles they play in the organization.
Degree of Importance
101
Debilitating glare caused by excessive brightness ratios between adjacent surfaces can be lessened by . . . . .
allowing daylight to enter the space from at least 2 directions.
102
What type of plane configuration establishes the boundaries off an introverted space and influences the field of space around it
Four plans or a closure
103
A path of cirulation can pass thru spaces which creates patterns of ____ and _____ within the space
Rest and movement
104
What are 2 ways to deal with expressive contrast between an opening and the plane it is in?
Illuminate the surface with a 2nd light source within the space, or a deep set opening can be formed to create illuminated surfaces between the opening and the surrounding plane.
105
The characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
This is the principal aspect by which we identify and categorize forms.
Shape
106
What type of plane define a volune of space oriented toward the open end?
A U-shaped plane
107
Openings located at corners give a space and the planes they are in a _______ orientation
diagonal
108
Doing this to a portion of the base plane creates a specific domain within the larger space
Elevating
109
A space can be separated from its surround area by __ it as well as elevating it
Depressing or dropping it
110
An individual's perceptons of hue, saturation and tonal value determine the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment and affects the visual weight of a form.
Color
111
An axial condition can exist without a symmetryical condition being ________ present, a symmetrical condition cannot exist without impying the existence of an ____ or center about which it is constructed.
Simultaneously
Axis
112
Describe adjacent spaces
Two spaces adjoin each other or share a ccommon border
113
A spiral approach emphasizes the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ of the building
three dimensional form
114
The surface articulation of the ________ or ________ plane is often used to define a zone or space within a larger context
Ground or floor plane
115
A balanced arrangement of similar, radiating elements such that the composition can be divided into similar halves by passing plane at any angle around a centerpoint is called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Radial Symmetry
116
Paths of circulation can pass by spaces,which keeps the ____________ of each space
Integrity
117
Any movement characterized by a patterned recurrence of elements of motifs at regular or irregular intervals refers to the principle of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Rhythm
118
Since the stresses in a material resulting from the force of gravity with size all materials also have rational ______ beyond which they cannot go.
Dimensions
119
This type of relationship requires that the two forms have corresponding planar sufaces which are parallel to each other
Face - to - face contact
120
A form can be articulated by:
differentiating adjoining planes with a change in material, color, texture or pattern
developing corners as distinct linear elements independent of the abutting planes
removing corners to physically separate neighboring planes
lighting the form to create sharp contrasts in tonal value along edges and corners
121
The characteristic outline or suface configuration of a particular form is its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This is the primary means of characterizing forms.
Shape
122
What can you do with color to clarify an object's shape
Make a distinct contrast between the color of the object and the surrounding field.
123
Scale alludes to the size of something in relation to something __ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
of known size
124
Rhythmic patterns provide continuity and lead us to anticipate what comes next. any break in the pattern announces and emphasized the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the interrupting element
Importance
125
A frontal view reveals the _________ shape of a plane, while an _______ view distorts it.
True shape
Oblique view
126
In a linear organization the significance of important spaces cna be emphasized by their location. What are 3 examples of locations that would accomplish this?
\*The end of a linear sequence
\*Offset from the linear sequence
\*At pivotal points in a segmented linear form
127
What does a clustered organization rely on to relate its spaces to one another?
Physical proximity
128
We tend to group in a random composition according to (2 ways)
Their closeness to one another
or
Visual characteristics they share
129
An interlocking spacial relationship results from . . . .. . . . . . Each space retains its identity and definition, but the resulting shared space is open to interpretation.
the overlapping of two spacial fields to ccreate a zone of shared space.
130
The configuration of the path is ___________ and mediating spaces can _____ \_\_\_\_ _____ within spaces
Flexible
Link the path
131
Materials like steel are stong in both ___________ and ___________ and can be formed into columns and beams as well as sheet materials
Compression and tension
132
Name the two fundamental types of symmetry
bilateral
radial
133
A circulation path can terminate in a space in which case it is an \_\_\_\_
Approach
134
The sequence of spaces determines the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Orientation
