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MIMM 413 > Ascaris > Flashcards

Ascaris Flashcards

1
Q

what is the type of tissues that ascaris infect

A

intestines

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2
Q

all nematodes that are parasidic in humans have what

A

-separate sexes aka males are smaller than females
-egg production varies from species to species

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3
Q

how many eggs per day for stongyloides stercoralis

A

very few

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4
Q

how many eggs per day for ascaris lumbricoides

A

200 000

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5
Q

what is the life cycle of intestinal nematodes

A
  • Five successive stages: 4 larval stages and the adult
  • In most cases, the third-stage larva is the infective stage
  • Eggs and larvae living in the intestinal are passed outside in the feces or may be
    deposited on the perianal skin by the female worm.
  • Eggs are fully embryonated or require an extended period of egg embryonation in the
    soil.
    -In some cases, eggs are infective when swallowed or will hatch
    in the soil and initiate infection by skin larval penetration
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6
Q

what is the host and disease of ascaris lumbricoides

A

man and ascariasis

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7
Q

what is the host and disease of ascaris suum

A

pig, man
ascariasis

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8
Q

what is Baylisascaris procyonis

A

-Found in raccoons (Procyon lotor) causes serious disease in humans – North America
-Larva invade the eyes (Ocular larva migrans), spinal cord and
brain (neural larva migrans) and in the intestine (VLM)
-No effective treatment

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9
Q

what is Gnathostoma spinigerum

A

-Found in dogs and cats. Endemic in China, Philippines
-Humans infected by the ingestion of raw or poorly cooked or pickled freshwater
fish, chicken, birds, frogs or snakes
-Larva migration including pulmonary, GI, urogenital, ocular, and cerebral tissues

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10
Q

toxocariasis is caused by what

A

-infections of humans with ascarids of dogs aka toxocara canis or cats toxocara catis

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11
Q

what is the mode of transmission of toxocariasis

A

transmission by ingestion of embryonated toxocara eggs in food or soil
-eggs are long lived

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12
Q

in toxo eggs, if the larvae do not develop to adult stage, what do they do

A
  • they wander through the body
  • migrate to soft tissues (liver, brain) or eye
  • can cause blindness
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13
Q

epidemiology of toxocara

A

-worldwide parasite including usa
-highest incidence in kids

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14
Q

true or false: infected dogs/cats increase the risk of infection

A

-trie
-20% of all adult dogs are infected
-98% of all puppies are infected
-in halifax: 26% of dogs, 25% of cats, 56% of puppies

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15
Q

seroprevalence in kids of toxocara

A

-7.3% in usa
-34% in ireland
-50-80% in developing tropical countries

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16
Q

systemic visceral larvae migrans: what is the pathogenesis

A

-due to invasion of soft tissues by wandering larvae
-pathogenesis include:
-hepatomegaly
-pulmonary and neurological problems
-eosinophilia

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17
Q

ocular toxocariasis

A

-due to invasion of the eye tissues by the larvae
-jeveniles cause chronic infammation
-granulomas of the retina (may cause blindness)

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18
Q

what is the diagnosis for toxocara

A

-fecal egg counts
-elisa using es antigens
-high eosinophilia is suggestive

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19
Q

treatment of toxocara

A

mebendazoles

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20
Q

what is the prevention for toxocara

A

-regular deworming of dogs and cats
-dispose of feces
-clean up after your dogs

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21
Q

what are the risk factors for toxocariasis

A

-living in southern us
-dogs defecating near parks

22
Q

ultrasound findings in kids with toxocariasis on 18 cases

A

-in 2 of the asymptomatic patients, the diagnosis of toxocariasis was confirmed when eosinophilia was found in presurgical hemograms

23
Q

the 18 case studies of toxocara showed what?

A

-that most docs don’t think of the possibility of toxocariasis even when there are hapatic nodules
-at the same time, the identification of hepatic nodules by us can aid in the diagnosis of toxocariasis since many of its symptoms are often non specific or nonexistent

24
Q

how many people are infected by ascaris

A

1.3 bilion

25
Q

where is ascaris prevalent

A

tropical countries and socio-economically depressed areas of europe, latin america and asia

26
Q

where are most of the ascaris infections

A

73% are in asia
-in some areas 100% of people are infected

27
Q

what is the transmission of ascaris

A

-transmission by ingestion of contaminated food, water/soil
-using human feces as fertilizer means contaminated vegetables

28
Q

which age group has the highest ascaris infection rate

A

-in kids
-3.2% of kids in soviet union had eggs in nasal mucus
-in SE usa, 20-60% of kids were infected

29
Q

when does the intensity of infection of ascaris peajs

A

5-15yrs

30
Q

which parasite who’s eggs are resistant. af

A

-ascaris

31
Q

ascaris and her resistant eggs

A

-resistant to 2% formalin and 50% HCL, nitric/sulfuric acid
-due to the lipid layerof the eggshellh

32
Q

how long do eggs of ascaris love and what are their characteristics

A

-live up to 15yrs
-eggs are sticky
-found on german banknotes 1949
-eggs can be transmitted by windborn dust

33
Q

in china 1947, it was estimated that … tons of eggs were excreted by humans and how many /day worldwide

A

18 000 tons
-10^14/day

34
Q

development of ascarids

A

-4 larval stage (L1-L4)
-larval morphology resembles adult worms
-transition from one larval stage to the next requires shedding of the surface cuticle (molting)
-most species undergo 4 molts

35
Q

life cycle of ascaris

A

-fertilized egg in soil
-adult eat fertilized
-larvae migrates from intestive to lung and then poop the eggs etc

36
Q

lung phase of ascaris

A

-5-6 days after exposure
-pneumonitis (loefflers pneumonia) due to penetration of lung capillaries by juvenile parasite causing hemorrhage

37
Q

intestinal phase of ascaris

A

-2-3 months after infection
-abdominal pain, diarrhea
-malabsorbtion of nutrients
-stunted growth, cognitive impairment
-intestinal obstruction by high worm numbers

38
Q

wandering worms ascaris

A

-cause of pathogenesis
-intestinal perforation: peritonitis
-blockage of bile conducts
-obstruction of the respiratory tract
-liver abscesses

39
Q

how many peeps in southern usa adnd apalachia had ascaris

A

49.4

40
Q

a survey of ascaris lumbricoides was conducted during 1976 and 1977 in a rural community in nova scotia. Out of the 431 individuals how many had ascaris

A

-121 aka 28.15 had ascaris and they were all under 20yrs old

41
Q

what is the other name of ascaris

A

round worm

42
Q

how many eggs per day for ascaris

A

-females make 200 000 eggs/day
-finding eggs is simple

43
Q

how many eggs to female ascaris make in their lives

A

60 000 000 eggs

44
Q

what is the treatment for ascaris

A

-chemotherapy
-using benzimidazoles
-aka mebendazole or ivermectin
-they bind to tubulin and block muscle action

45
Q

what does chemotherapy do in kids that had ascaris

A

increases weight gain and apetite

46
Q

what are the cytokines made in infected people with ascaris

A

4 and 5

47
Q

infection of ascaris increases the ratio of cells producing … response compaired to … response

A

-th2 to th1

48
Q

in human ascaris infection causes what in tems of immune response

A

-more pbmc producing il4-5
-no effect of pbmc producing il 10 and infy
-more th2 than th1
-th2 cytokine secretion among individuals with significant exposure to ascaris lumbricoides might have an impact on susceptibility to pulmonary infections with mtuberculosis

49
Q

L3/L4 in ascaris are located where

A

lung

50
Q
A

MIMM 413 (24 decks)

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