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MIMM 413 > Cryptosporidiosis > Flashcards

Cryptosporidiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Cryptosporidium is classified in the phylum ….

A

Apicomplexa (apical rings,
micronemes and subpellicular microtubules)

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2
Q

all parasites in the apicomplexa group are reffered as …

A

conccicia

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3
Q

The species of coccidia develop where q

A

in the gastrointestinal tract of
vertebrates include Eimeria, Isospora, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium.

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4
Q

apicomplexa species that develop extra intestinal include what ….

A

Neospora, Sarcocystis, and Toxoplasma.

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5
Q

true or false: most Cryptosporidium Species infect what

A

humans

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6
Q

c parvis oocyst shed by

A

cattle

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7
Q

c parvis is infective to

A

Cattle
Cat
Goat
Sheep
Rat
Human
Dog
Pig
Rabbit
Mice

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8
Q

what does Cryptosporidiosis
cause

A

diarrheal outbreaks

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9
Q

who are most at ristk for Cryptosporidiosis

A

kids and immunosupressed

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10
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum:
A threat to….

A

the quality of surface water and the environment

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11
Q

Cryptosporidium: Excystation requires reducing conditions,
pancreatic enzymes, bile salts—-Release of…..

A

4 sporozoites

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12
Q

Differentiation into spherical trophozoites — develop into….

A

Type 1 meronts (schizonts) that
contain 6 -8 merozoites.

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13
Q

Type 1 merozoites invade nearby cells and develop into…..

A

Type 2 meronts or into
trophozoites to complete the asexual cycle
* Merozoites similar in morphology and function to the sporozoites

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14
Q

Type 2 merozoites differentiate into…

A

male microgamonts or female macrogamonts.
-Male microgamonts release microgametes that can
fertilize macrogametes inside the female macrogamonts.

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15
Q

Generation of 2 types of oocysts….

A

-Thin-walled auto-infectious oocysts (20%)
-Thick-walled oocysts (80%) shed in stool

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16
Q

how big are the oocysts

A

4-6um wide

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17
Q

what are the oocysts made up of

A

Composed of tough environmentally resistant wall
enclosing 4 sporozoites – resistant to disinfections

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18
Q

true or false crypto is opportunistic and extracellular

A

false it is intracellular

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19
Q

what does crypto infect

A

Infects gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelial cells

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20
Q

what is quirky about the oocyst crypto walla

A

unique suture. atthe end

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21
Q

The suture dissolves during
excystation, opening the wall to…

A

4 sporozoites

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22
Q

Colonization of the … of the
small intestine by
Cryptosporidium

A

villi

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23
Q

c.parvum oocysts are viable in

A

§ Potassium dichromate
§ Chloroform
§ Ether
§ Ammonia
§ Sodium hydroxide
§ Buffered hypochlorite
§ Potassium permanganate

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24
Q

c parvum oocysts are killed bu

A

§ Freezing
§ Boiling for 30 mins
§ Hydrogen peroxide
§ Ozone (limits: Kitchener-Waterloo outbreak)
§ Oo-cide (Ammonia + sodium hydroxide + biocide)

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25
true. orfalse: Sporozoites and merozoites of c parvum appear similar to those of other coccidias with the same organelles.
true
26
what are the organelles of c parvum
the rhoptries, micronemes, electron dense granules, nucleus and ribosomes.
27
what does. cparvum does not have
do not have polar rings, mitochondria and micropores.
28
what are microneme
are rod-like structures. Micronemal proteins are important in host celll ocalization, gliding motility and ligand-receptor attachment to host cells. Several classes of proteins are associated with micronemes: GP900, TRAP-C1, CpSCRP and ABD reactive protein
29
microneme might secrete their protein through ....
the rhoptry duct
30
what are rhoptroed
-are club-shaped membrane-bound organelles. -C. parvum have single rhoptry. -Rhoptryproteins are involved in transforming the hostcell membrane into a parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) membrane
31
what are dense granules involved in
in host cell modification following the invasion. DG proteins are released from the parasite surface into the PV
32
transmission of c parvum
The infection is transmitted by the fecal-oral route via the oocyst stage.
33
true or false: c parvum lacks host specificity
true
34
groups. at risk for c parvum
-workers like vets and farmers -immunodeficient peeps
35
Analysis of Water Samples for the Presence of Oocysts
* At least 50 litres of water must be filtered (1µ porosity) * Wash the filter with water * Centrifugation * Staining * Microscope
36
what is the efficacy to analysis. ofwater samples for the presence. of oocysts
6.3%
37
true or false: we still get outbreaks. of Cryptosporidium
yeah -most recent in sweden
38
what was the cause of the 1988 crypto outbreak
a pool
39
what happened in 1993
-crypto outbreak -wisconsin -403 000 people aka 25% of peeps -cause by waterworks -100-fold increase of C. parvum oocysts found in the water treatment plant
40
what were the main symptoms of the 1993 milwaukee crypto outbreak
Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and vomiting were the main symptoms
41
how many people died in the 1993 crypto outbreak
54
42
How do Cryptosporidium species interact with the host?
* Initial interaction via receptors – CSL ( C parvum sporozoites ligand) – CP47 * Attach by anterior pole – Invagination – Microfilamentdependent * Causes damage to apical surface of cell
43
crypto in birds infects what
respiratory tract
44
crypto infects what in fish and reptiles
intestinal tract
45
crypto infects what in immuno competent
intestinal tract
46
crypto infects what in immunocompromised peeps
Pancreas, liver, respiratory tract, gall and urinary bladders
47
crypto: Inhibition of glucose-stimulation affecting,,,
Na absorbtion
48
crypto: Increase production of mucosal prostaglandin which can inhibit...
NaCl absorption leading to secretory diarrhea.
49
leukocytes can produce high levels of... in crypto
prostaglandins
50
crypto: Alterations in intestinal permeability due to the
-immune response to the parasite -i.e.: Increased secretions of cytokines like IFN-g and transforming growth factor (TGF)
51
what plays an important role in crypto pathogenesis
In patients having large volume of diarrhea (70 bowels movement per day) secretory processes of the parasites or immune cells
52
what causes diarrhea
* Absorption is impaired – Electroneutral (NaCl) – Electrogenic (co-transport) * Secretion is enhanced – Active Cl- or HCO3 - (bicarbonate) * Causes: – Toxins – Pathogen adherence/invasion – Stimulate immune response
53
How do Cryptosporidium cause diarrhea?
-inflammation Increase in intracellular permeability Inflammation in sub-mucosal layer -Profuse watery diarrhea Diarrhea is osmotic Damage to epithelial cells: villus blunting and atrophy Hyperplasia
54
Crypto resides at....
-the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells and does not invade deeper layers of the human gastrointestinal mucosa
55
moderate to severe infections of crypto stimulate
both innate and acquired immunity
56
true or false: in crypto, mucosal inflammation with the presence of macrophages and neutrophils at the site of infection
true
57
what are the key players for immune response to crypto
Key players: Epithelial cells, IFN-g, Phagocytes Players with less-defined roles: Complement, DCs
58
in crypto: cells express the pro inflammatory ... which is also a neutrophil attractant
il-8
59
in crypto infection: prostaglin is produced by what
produced by epithelial cells may serve to influence their biological function
60
in crypto. nictric oxyde is produced by what
produced from arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
61
in crypto: In the mouse model, B-cell-deficient neonatal mice can.....
clear the infection, indicating that the role of antibodies plays a minor role in the control of the infection.
62
true or false in crypto: Patients develop both serum and secretory antibodies, but these specific antibodies are not successful in eliminating the infection
true
63
true or false: in crypto humoral immunity is required for clearing the infection
false, it is not an absolute requirement -it plays secondary role in combination with host factors
64
in crypto: The clearance of the infection in humans correlates with....
the CD4 T-cell population, not the CD8 T-cell.
65
The relationship existing between the CD4 T-cell population and Crypto explains why...
AIDS patients are seriously affected by Cryptosporidium infection.
66
in crypto, strong early response and late th2 might what
help clearing
67
diagnostic tools crypto
* Microscopy – Acid fast stain – Fluorescent * Endoscopic biopsy * Immunodiagnosis – Immunofluorescence assay * – Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) * * PCR-bassed assays – RT-PCR quantify oocysts in stool – PCR – standard and multiplex – Loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (colorimetric) – Oligometric gold nanoparticle networks
68
crypto: which diagnostic tools are not confirmative of active lesions
– Immunofluorescence assay * – Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) *
69
treatment crypto
* Self-limiting infection * Unless immunosuppressed – Treatments are most important – Chronic diarrhea can lead to malabsorption of antiretroviral drugs in HIV patients -anti-mobility agents: imodium -rehydratation therapy: glutamine based better than glucose -drygs
70
drug of choice for crypto for immunocompetent peeps
-Nitazoxanide (immunocompetent people > 1year) -–inhibits pyruvate: ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductases (PFOR) requiredfor anaerobic respiration -important for parasites without mitochondria
71
Treatment of HIV-infected patients
* Outcome is inversely related to CD4+ T-cell count * Paromomycin -rifamycin
72
what is paromymicin
– aminoglycoside (inhibits protein synthesis) – Partial efficacy in AIDs patients * may relieve some diarrhea * allows absorption of anti-retrovial drugswhat is
73
what is rifamycin
Blocks DNA-dependent RNA synthesis – Least active – Can be used for: * prophylaxis * In combination with other antiparasitic drugs
74
novel therapy for c parvum
PROTEASE INHIBITOR K11777 -Enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds -[ Proteases has been shown to be a critical importance in development and host cell invasion for other apicomplexan parasites -momar worked on it
75

MIMM 413 (24 decks)

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