Lect 5

Question 1

why is there more of leish in certain areas

Answer 1

because the mosquitoes prefer that environment

Question 2

what was the disease that was the consequence of the protection against malaria

Answer 2

sickle cell anemia

Question 3

what is sickle cell anemia

Answer 3

-reduced merozoite density
-caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene

Question 4

what is the first disease to be cured using crispr gene editing in 2020

Answer 4

sickle cell anemia it was victoria gray

Question 5

true or false: a snip in hemoglobin gene provides protection against malaria

Answer 5

true
og: pro glu glu
now: pro val glu

Question 6

which malaria species are the ones where humans are the only reservoir

Answer 6

-plasmodium falciparum
-vivax
ovale
malaria

Question 7

which species of plasmodium has monkey as the reservoir can also infect humans

Answer 7

plasmodium knowlesi

Question 8

most cases of malaria are caused by… and … and most deaths are caused by….

Answer 8

falciparum and vivax
falciparum

Question 9

vaccination for malaria

Answer 9

-rts,s vaccine made of the sporozoite surface protein: circumsporozoite protein aka csp: poor efficacy
-infants: 5-17 months provided 40% protection, less against severe malaria and requires 4 doses

Question 10

chemotherapy for malaria

Answer 10

-quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisinin
-artemisinin combination therapy aka act is now recomended to not get drug resistance

Question 11

chemo prevention malaria

Answer 11

-antimalarial drugs are recommended for all travelers to endemic areas
-recommended for pregnant woman living in africa
-infants (3-60 months) to be treated 4 doses per year

Question 12

vector control of malaria

Answer 12

pyrethroid insecticide treated mosquito nets reduce mortality by 20% in kids younger than 5ys

Question 13

what is the amount of $ needed for slay malaria per yeart

Answer 13

5 billion

Question 14

why so many deaths due to malaria if there is effective treatments

Answer 14

lack of money

Question 15

what do quinine and mefloquine do

Answer 15

they inhibit merozoite mrna translation

Question 16

chloroquine and artemisinin do what

Answer 16

inhibit hemozoin formation aka you just get hematinin which is not good for the parasite

Question 17

where does chloroquine come from

Answer 17

-1940
-used by american soldiers in ww2

Question 18

what do chloroquine resistant parasite do

Answer 18

they pump out the hemetinin

Question 19

when was artemisinin used

Answer 19

in 1970 by anerican soldiers during vietnam war

Question 20

when was ACT started to be used

Answer 20

2000

Question 21

how do sporozoited get into liver cells aka hepatocytes

Answer 21

circumsporozoite protein binds to heparin sulphate proteoglycan aka hspg from hepatocytes

Question 22

sporozoites get into the hepatocytes and they replicate to make…..

Answer 22

schizonts

Question 23

the schizonts get into the bloodstream and they form…

Answer 23

merosomes that will make merozoites

Question 24

the release of merozoites into blood stream starts the….

Answer 24

erythrocytic cycle

Question 25

what are the 3 main things in the merozoite

Answer 25

-dense granule
-rhoptry
-microneme
-apical prominense

Question 26

what is important for movement to get into the rbc for malaria

Answer 26

-the ama1 and ron2 interaction which makes actomyosin motor activation

Question 27

how does the merozoite get into the rbc

Answer 27

-gets into bloodstream
-merozoite attachment
-reorientation
-junction formation
-invasion

Question 28

what is the important interaction to get into the rbc

Answer 28

-rh5 on merozoite and cd147 on the rbc

Question 29

gorilla … mutated to bind to human cd147

Answer 29

rh5 then humans became a better reservoir than gorilla

Question 30

erythrocyte cycle

Answer 30

-0: meryzoite gets in
-12h: you get a ring formation
-24h: tropozoite reorganizes rbc and it starts breakdown
-hemozoin formation
36H more merozoite are meade
-40h: you get schizonts -48h: merozoites yeet out

Question 31

how many merozoites per rbc

Answer 31

16-32