ASSESSING EYES

Question 1

transmits visual stimuli to the brain for interpretation and, in
doing so, functions as the organ of vision.

Answer 1

EYES

Question 2

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

Answer 2

Eyelids
Eyelashes
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extraocular muscles

Question 3

– the white space between open eyelids

Answer 3

Palpebral fissure

Question 3

(upper and lower) are two movable structures composed of
skin and two types of muscle: striated and smooth

Answer 3

Eyelids

Question 4

Medial canthus
– a small, fleshy mass that contains
sebaceous glands.

Answer 4

Caruncle

Question 4

protect the eye from foreign bodies; limit the
amount of light entering the eye; serve to distribute tears
that lubricate the surface of the eye

Answer 4

Eyelids

Question 5

The eyelids join at 2 points:

Answer 5

the lateral (outer) canthus and
medial (inner) canthus

Question 5

Medial canthus
-2 small openings that allow
drainage of tears into the lacrimal system

Answer 5

Puncta

Question 6

Conjunctiva is a thin, transparent, continuous membrane that is divided
into two portions:

Answer 6

a palpebral and a bulbar portion.

Question 7

are projections of stiff hair curving outward along the
margins of the eyelids that filter dust and dirt from air entering the eye.

Answer 7

Eyelashes

Question 8

is a thin, transparent, continuous membrane that is divided into two portions: a palpebral and a bulbar portion.

Answer 8

Conjunctiva

Question 9

Conjunctiva
– lines the inside of the eyelids

Answer 9

Palpebral conjunctiva

Question 10

consists of glands and ducts that lubricate the eye

Answer 10

Lacrimal apparatus

Question 11

Conjunctiva
– covers most of the anterior eye,
merging with the cornea at the limbus.

Answer 11

Bulbar conjunctiva

Question 12

located in the upper outer corner of the
orbital cavity just above the eye, produces tears.

Answer 12

Lacrimal gland –

Question 13

are the six muscles attached to the outer surface of each eyeball. These muscles control six different directions of eye movement.

Answer 13

Extraocular muscles

Question 13

Eyeball is composed of three separate coats or layers.

Answer 13

External layer
Sclera
Cornea

Middle layer contains both an anterior portion, which
includes the iris and the ciliary body, and a posterior
layer, which includes the choroid.

o Innermost layer- the retina,

Question 14

dense, protective, white covering that
physically supports the internal structures of
the eye.

Answer 14

Sclera

Question 15

permits the entrance of light, which passes
through the lens to the retina

Answer 15

Cornea

Question 16

is a cream-colored, circular area
located on the retina toward the medial or
nasal side of the eye.

Answer 16

Optic disc

Question 17

consists of muscle tissue that controls the thickness of the lens, which must be adapted to focus on objects near and far away.

Answer 17

Ciliary Body

Question 18

circular disc of muscle containing pigments that determine
eye color

Answer 18

Iris

Question 19

• central aperture of the iris

Answer 19

Pupil

Question 20

a biconvex, transparent, avascular, encapsulated structure
located immediately posterior to the iris.

Answer 20

Lens

Question 21

Refractive ability of the lens can be changed by a change in shape of the lens (which is controlled by the

Answer 21

ciliary body).

Question 22

Lens Adjustments must be made in ____ depending on the distance of the object being viewed.

Answer 22

refraction

Question 23

contains the vascularity necessary to provide nourishment to the inner aspect of the eye and prevents light from reflecting internally

Answer 23

Choroid Layer

Question 24

The lens____ to focus on close objects and _____ to focus on far objects.

Answer 24

bulges flattens

Question 25

Retina consists of numerous layers of nerve cells, including the cells commonly called

Answer 25

rods and cones

Question 26

extends only to the ciliary body anteriorly * It receives visual stimuli and sends it to the brain * consists of numerous layers of nerve cells, including the cells commonly called rods and cones

Answer 26

Retina

Question 27

retinal depression located adjacent to the optic disc in the temporal section of the fundus; this area is surrounded by the macula, which appears darker than the rest of the fundus

Answer 27

fovea centralis

Question 27

refers to what a person sees with one eye.

Answer 27

Visual Fields and Visual Pathways

Question 27

are dark red and grow progressively narrower as they extend out to the peripheral areas * Arterioles carry oxygenated blood and appear brighter red and narrower than the veins

Answer 27

Retinal Vessels

Question 28

The visual field of each eye can be divided into four quadrants:

Answer 28

upper temporal, lower temporal, upper nasal, and lower nasal.

Question 29

occurs as light rays strike the retina, where they are transformed into nerve impulses, conducted to the brain through the optic nerve, and interpreted.

Answer 29

Visual perception

Question 30

Pupillary light reflex causes pupils immediately to constrict when exposed to bright light.

Answer 30

Visual Reflexes

Question 31

Used to test distant visual acuity, consists of lines of different letters stacked one above the other.

Answer 31

o Snellen Chart

Question 32

Used if the client cannot read or has a handicap that prevents verbal communication. Configured just like the Snellen chart but the characters on it are only Es, which face in all directions.

Answer 32

E Chart

Question 33

- Near vision is assessed in clients over 40 years of age by holding the pocket screener or newspaper print 14 inches from the eye. Clients who have decreased accommodation to view closer print will have to move the card or newspaper further away to see it.

Answer 33

Jaeger Test

Question 34

is a hand-held instrument that allows the examiner to view the fundus of the eye by the projection of light through a prism that bends the light 90 degrees.

Answer 34

Ophthalmoscope

Question 35

(e.g., blind right eye)

Answer 35

Unilateral blindness

Question 36

(loss of vision in both temporal fields)

Answer 36

* Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 37

___ or similar loss of vision (homonymous) in quadrant of each field

Answer 37

Left superior quadrant anopia

Question 38

Right visual field loss—___ or similar loss of vision in half of each field

Answer 38

right homonymous hemianopia

Question 39

Normal in young children, the pupils will appear at the inner canthus (due to the epicanthic fold)

Answer 39

Pseudostrabismus

Question 40

(eye turns inward).

Answer 40

Esotropia

Question 41

– drooping eye

Answer 41

Ptosis

Question 41

(eye turns outward)

Answer 41

o Exotropia

Question 42

- inwardly turned lower eyelid

Answer 42

Extropion

Question 43

– generalized inflammation of the conjunctiva

Answer 43

Conjunctivitis

Question 44

– staphylococcal infection of the eyelid

Answer 44

Blepharitis

Question 44

- protruding eyeballs and retracted eyelids

Answer 44

Exophthalmos -

Question 45

- infected meibomian gland

Answer 45

Chalazion

Question 46

- inflammation of the sclera

Answer 46

Diffuse episcleritis

Question 47

ABNORMALITIES OF THE CORNEA

Answer 47

Corneal Scar o appears grayish white, usually is due to an old injury or inflammation * Early pterygium o thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that extends across the nasal side

Question 48

ABNORMALITIES OF THE LENS

Answer 48

Nuclear Cataract o appear gray when seen with a flashlight o appear as a black spot against the red reflex when seen through an ophthalmoscope * Peripheral/Cataract o look like gray spokes that point inward when seen with a flashlight o look like black spokes that point inward against the red reflex when seen through an ophthalmoscope