Asthma, GI Drugs, Analgesics, RA + OA, Diabetes Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What’s the treatment rationale for asthma?
A
Bronchodilators
Anti-inflammatories
2
Q
Three classes of bronchodilators
A
β2 Agonists
Anticholinergics
Methylxanthines
3
Q
Types of β2 agonists used for asthma
A
Slow acting (Prophylactic)
Rapid acting ("Rescue" Agent)
4
Q
Albuterol (Proventil) is in a class of _ called _
A
Bronchodilators, β2 agonists
5
Q
Salmeterol (Advair) is in a class of _ called _
A
Bronchodilators, β2 agonists
6
Q
With regards to timeliness of use, Albuterol (Proventil) is _ while Salmeterol is _
A
rapid acting, slow acting
7
Q
Albuterol is used as a _ while salmeterol is used as a _
A
Rescue Agent, Prophylactic
8
Q
Ipratropium (Atrovent) is in a class of _ called _
A
Bronchodilators, Anticholinergics
9
Q
Tiotropium (Spiriva) is in a class of _ called _
A
Bronchodilators, Anticholinergics
10
Q
Theophylline (Theo-24, Theolair, Uniphyl) is in a class of _ called _
A
Bronchodilators, Methylxanthines
11
Q
Three classes of anti-inflammatory drugs
A
Corticosteroids
Antileukotrienes
Mast cell stabilizers
12
Q
Fluticasone (Advair, Flonase) is in a class of _ called _
A
Anti-Inflammatories, Corticosteroids
13
Q
Montelukast (Singulair) is in a class of _ called _
A
Anti-Inflammatories, Antileukotrienes
14
Q
Cromolyn sodium (NasalCrom) is in a class of _ called _
A
Anti-Inflammatories, Mast cell stabilizers
15
Q
How do Corticosteroids work?
A
Mimic the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol
16
Q
How do Antileukotrienes work?
A
Block LTB4 receptors, reducing leukotriene effect
17
Q
How do mast cell stabilizers work?
A
Prevent the degranulation of mast cells
18
Q
Why are methylxanthines not as common nowadays?
A
Small therapeutic index
19
Q
Ipratropium (Atrovent) is commonly used in the maintenance of
A
COPD
20
Q
How do methylxanthines work?
A
Bind directly to and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles
21
Q
Why is Albuterol (Proventil) inhaled?
A
To target the airways and reduce systemic side effects
22
Q
What’s the most commonly used bronchodilator?
A
β2 Agonists
23
Q
What are leukotrienes?
A
Inflammatory mediators that enhance the inflammatory response
24
Q
Active ingredients in Advair
A
Fluticasone & Salmeterol
25
What's the treatment rationale for constipation?
Increase GI (colonic) motility
26
What's the treatment rationale for diarrhea?
Decrease GI (colonic) motility
27
What's the treatment rationale for GERD?
Reduce HCl secretion
28
What's the treatment rationale for Peptic Ulcer Disease?
Reduce HCl secretion + Increase mucosal protection
29
Two classes of laxatives
Stimulants
| Bulk forming agents
30
Phenolphthalein (X-Lax) is in a class of _ called _
Laxatives, Stimulants
31
Psyllium (Metamucil) is in a class of _ called _
Laxatives, Bulk forming agents
32
How do bulk-forming agents work?
Expand when exposed to water, distending GI wall, stimulating peristalsis (gastro colic reflex)
33
Possible side effects of long term use of laxatives
Bowel atony
34
Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) is in a class of _ called _
Anti-diarrheals, Opiods
35
Loperamide (Immodium) is in a class of _ called _
Anti-diarrheals, Opiods
36
When should diarrhea not be treated with antimotility agents?
Antimotility agents should not be used when it's infectious diarrhea
37
How do PPI's work?
Inhibit proton pumps, reducing HCl secretion
38
Omeprazole (Prilosec) is in a class of drugs called _
PPI's
39
Esomeprazole (NEXium) is in a class of drugs called _
PPI's
40
How do H2 receptor antagonists work?
block H2 (histamine) receptors, indirectly reducing HCl secretion
41
Ranitidine (Zantac) is in a class of drugs called _
H2 receptor antagonists
42
Cimetidine (Tagamet) is in a class of drugs called _
H2 receptor antagonists
43
Omeprazole (Prilosec), Esomeprazole (NEXium), Ranitidine (Zantac), and Cimetidine (Tagamat) all
Reduce HCl secretion
44
How does sucralfate (Carafate) work?
In an acidic environment forms protective mucosal layer that coats ulcer
45
When should sucralfate (Carafate) not be used?
Sucralfate (Carafate) should not be used with an antacid
46
Two classes of analgesics
Opiods
| Non-opiods
47
Most common non-opiod subclass
NSAIDs
48
With regards to pain intensity, opiods are used for
moderate to severe pain
49
Two classes of opiods
Strong agonists
| Moderate agonists
50
What do opiods bind to?
μ opiod receptors
51
How do opiods reduce pain?
change brain's perception of pain
inhibit ascending pain transmission
stimulate descending pain-relieving transmission
52
What are the side effects of opiods?
Constipation
| Respiratory depression
53
Most common non-opiod non-NSAID
Acetaminophen
54
Acetaminophen has no anti-inflammatory effect; it is an _ and _
analgesic, antipyretic
55
How do NSAID's work?
inhibit enzymes, usually COX-1 and COX-2, in the cyclooxygenase pathway, reducing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators
56
What products depend on the COX-1 pathway
TXA2, which promotes platelet aggregation
| PG, which increase mucosal protection in GI tract
57
What products depend on the COX-2 pathway
PGI's associated with pain, inflammation, and fever production
PGI's, which decrease platelet aggregation
58
Aspirin (Ecotrin) is in a class of _ called _
Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID's
59
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) is in a class of _ called _
Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID's
60
Naproxen (Aleve) is in a class of _ called _
Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID's
61
Celecoxib (Celebrex) is in a class of _ called _
Non-opiod analgesics, NSAID's
62
Celecoxib (Celebrex) specifically inhibits what pathway
COX-2
63
In addition to being an analgesic, Aspirin is also a _, _, _
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet
64
_ has the most advanced anti-platelet effect of the NSAID's
Aspirin
65
What are the side effects of NSAID's
May promote ulcer formation
| May promote stomach bleeding
66
What are the side effects of celecoxib (Celebrex)?
Increase risk of adverse cardiovascular effects, mostly heart attack
67
Where do the side effects for celecoxib (Celebrex) come from?
Unimposed COX-1's TXA2 effect on platelet aggregation
68
Where does the side effect for NSAID's come from?
Removing COX-1's PG's mucosal protection in GI tract
69
Generally, knocking out the COX-1 pathway has what effect on the body?
decreases platelet aggregation
| decreases mucosal protection in GI tract
70
Generally, knocking out the COX-2 pathway has what effect on the body?
reduces pain, inflammation, and fever
| increases platelet aggregation
71
What's the treatment rationale for rheumatoid arthritis?
Reduce pain and inflammation
| Halt disease progression
72
Rheumatoid arthritis is an _ disease that usually affects _ joints
autoimmune, smaller
73
_ are used to treat the disease progression of rheumatoid arthritis
DMARD's-disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
74
Two classes of DMARD's
Nonbiologic
| Biologic
75
1st line of defense for rheumatoid arthritis
DMARD's- Reduce immune activity
76
Methotrexate (Trexall) is in a class of drugs called _ _
Nonbiologic DMARD's
77
Leflunomide (Arava) is in a class of drugs called _ _
Nonbiologic DMARD's
78
How does methotrexate (Trexall) work?
Methotrexate (Trexall) is a folate inhibitor which reduces T-cell proliferation, reducing autoimmune activity
79
How does leflunomide (Arava) work?
Leflunomide (Arava) reduces T cell activation, reducing autoimmune activity
80
Adalimumab (Humira) is in a class of drugs called _ _
Biologic DMARD's
81
How does adalimumab (Humira) work?
Adalimumab (Humira) binds tumor necrosis factor α, the chemical, not the receptor, to prevent proinflammatory effect
82
What are the side effects of DMARD's
Increased risk of life-threatening infection
83
Osteoarthritis is a _ disease that usually affects _ joints
progressive, large
84
What's the treatment rationale for osteoarthritis?
Reduce pain
| Visco-supplementation
85
Chondroitin sulfate is a _ intended to _
viscosupplement, replace material in cartilage
86
Hyaluronan injections do what for osteoarthritis?
Hyaluronan injections minimize degenerative effects
87
What's the treatment rationale for Type I diabetes mellitus?
Replace insulin
88
What's the treatment rationale for Type II diabetes mellitus?
increase insulin sensitivity/decrease insulin resistance
| increase insulin secretion in β cells
89
What's the potential sideeffect of all antidiabetic drugs?
hypoglycemia
90
Glipizide (Glucotrol) is in a class of _ called _
antidiabetics, Sulfonylureas
91
Exenatide (Byetta) is in a class of _ called _
antidiabetics, Incretin analogues
92
Sitagliptin phosphate (Januvia) is in a class of _ called _
antidiabetics, DPP-IV Inhibitors
93
Three classes of drugs to increase insulin secretion for Type II Diabetes mellitus
Sulfonylureas
Incretin analogues
DPP-IV Inhibitors
94
How do sulfonylureas work?
directly stimulates β cells to produce more insulin
95
How do incretin analogues work?
mimics effect of incretin (GLP-1), stimulating β cells to produce more insulin
96
How do DPP-4 inhibitors work?
inhibits DPP-4, the enzyme that inactivates GLP-1, prolonging GLP-1's β cell stimulating effect, producing more insulin
97
Class of drugs that increases insulin sensitivity for Type II Diabetes mellitus
Biguanides
98
Metformin is in a class of _ drugs called _
antidiabetics, biguanides
99
How does dapagliflozin (Farxiga) work?
blocks sodium-glucose transport proteins, reducing glucose reabsorbed from filtrate, reducing blood sugar
100
How does metformin work?
increases peripheral glucose uptake by cells &
| lowers hepatic glucose production, reducing blood sugar
