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Biology4351 > Four Antimicrobials, Anesthetics > Flashcards

Four Antimicrobials, Anesthetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Two classifications of antimicrobials that vary depending on microbe in question

A

Bactericidals

Bacteriostatics

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2
Q

Bactericidals do what?

A

Kill microbes

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3
Q

Bacteriostatics do what?

A

Prevent microbial replication

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4
Q

Antimicrobials can produce what disease?

A

Bacteria associated colitis

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5
Q

Bacteria associated colitis is commonly from what microbe?

A

Clostridium difficile

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6
Q

Immunocompromised patients generally do better with what class of antibiotic?

A

Bactericidals

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7
Q

MRSA stands for

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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8
Q

VRSA stands for

A

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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9
Q

Three spectra of antibiotics

A

Narrow-spectrum
Extended-spectrum
Broad-spectrum

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10
Q

True/False: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is dangerous

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Penicillin (Permapen) is in a class of _ _ that act as _

A

β-lactam antibiotics, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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12
Q

Cephalosporins are a class of _ _ that act as _

A

β-lactam antibiotics, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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13
Q

Carbapanems are a class of _ _ that act as _

A

β-lactam antibiotics, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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14
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) is an _ that acts as a _

A

antibiotic, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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15
Q

All cell wall synthesis inhibitors are _

A

bactericidal

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16
Q

All β-lactam antibiotics have what chemical structure in common?

A

β-lactam ring

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17
Q

The bacterial defense response to β-lactam antibiotics is the production of

A

β-lactamase

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18
Q

The human response to bacterial production of β-lactamase is the production of

A

β-lactamase inhibitors

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19
Q

Clavulanic acid is a _ so it is often paired with _

A

β-lactamase inhibitor, β-lactam antibiotics

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20
Q

Active ingredients in Augmentin

A

Amoxicillin

Clavulanic acid

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21
Q

Four categories of cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapanems
Vancomycin

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22
Q

Four common variations of penicillin

A

Natural
Antistaphylococcal
Extended-spectrum
Antipseudomonal

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23
Q

Penicillin (Pen-G, Pen-V) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

natural, β-lactam antibiotics

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24
Q

Methicillin (Staphcillin) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

antistaphylococcal, β-lactam antibiotics

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25
Amoxicillin (Moxatag) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _
extended-spectrum, β-lactam antibiotics
26
Ampicillin (Omnipen) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _
extended-spectrum, β-lactam antibiotics
27
Piperacillin (Pipracil) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _
antipseudomonal, β-lactam antibiotics
28
Ticarcillin (Ticar) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _
antipseudomonal, β-lactam antibiotics
29
Active ingredients in Timentin
Ticarcillin | Clavulanic acid
30
Penicillin (Pen-G, Pen-V) is used to treat
susceptible strains of strep
31
Why is Methicillin (Staphcillin) not used anymore?
Toxicity issue
32
Two general types of infection based on the environment where the infection is acquired
Community infection | Nosocomial infection
33
Why would you want a community infection over a nosocomial infection?
Less microbial resistance means easier to treat
34
Two issues associated with administering antibiotics to a patient
Microbial resistance | Hypersensitivity
35
A person allergic to penicillin /may/ be allergic to _ generally
β-lactam antibiotics
36
How many generations of cephalosporins
Four
37
Later generations of cephalosporins show _ coverage against gram positive bacteria
decreased
38
Later generations of cephalosporins show _ coverage against gram negative bacteria
increased
39
Which generation(s) of cephalosporins show activity against pseudomonas?
3rd and 4th generation
40
Which generation(s) of cephalosporins show resistance to β-lactamase?
4th generation
41
Active ingredients in Primaxin
Imipenem & Cilastatin
42
Imipenem (Primaxin) is a _ in a class of drugs called _
carbapenem, β-lactam antibiotics
43
Why is cilastatin paired with imipenem (Primaxin)?
Cilastatin prevents degradation of imipenem into nephrotoxic metabolite
44
What kind of coverage does imipenem (Primaxin) have?
Broad-spectrum
45
Vancomycin (Vancocin) is used to treat the overgrowth of what microbe
Clostridium difficile
46
Vancomycin (Vancocin) has what kind of toxicity issue?
Ototoxicity
47
Three categories of protein synthesis inhibitors
Aminoglycoside Tetracyclines Macrolides
48
Aminoglycosides are a class of _ that act as _
antibiotics, protein synthesis inhibitors
49
Tetracyclines are a class of _ that act as _
antibiotics, protein synthesis inhibitors
50
Macrolides are a class of _ that act as _
antibiotics, protein synthesis inhibitors
51
Amikacin (formerly Amikin) is an _ in a class of drugs called _
antibiotic, aminoglycosides
52
Gentamicin (Garamycin) is an _ in a class of drugs called _
antibiotic, aminoglycosides
53
Aminoglycosides are associated with what issue?
Significant nephrotoxicity
54
Tetracyclines are associated with what issue?
Affected bone and tooth deposition
55
Tetracyclines are used to treat
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
56
What's a potential side effect of tetracyclines?
Significant GI disturbance | Discolored teeth
57
Tetracyclines are contraindicated for what population?
Pediatric population
58
Erythromycin (Ery-tab) is an _ in a class of drugs called _
antibiotic, macrolides
59
Azithromycin (Zithromax) is an _ in a class of drugs called _
antibiotic, macrolides
60
Azithromycin (Zithromax) is the drug of choice to treat
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia)
61
Fluoroquinolones are a class of _ that act as _
antibiotic, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
62
Levofloxacin (Levaquin) is an _ in a class of drugs called _
antibiotic, fluoroquinolones
63
Ciprofloxacin (Cetraxal) is an _ in a class of drugs called _
antibiotic, fluoroquinolones
64
Fluoroquinolones are contraindicated for what population?
Pediatric population
65
What are potential side effects of fluoroquinolones?
Damage to cartilage, growth plates | Increased risk of tendon rupture
66
Fluoroquinolones are used to treat
Urinary Tract Infection Respiratory Infection Bacterial diarrhea Certain STDs
67
Sulfonamides are a class of _ that act as _
antibiotics, folate synthesis inhibitors
68
Trimethoprim is an _ that acts as a _
antibiotic, folate synthesis inhibitor
69
Active ingredients in Bactrim, Septra
Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
70
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is used to treat
MRSA | VRSA
71
Issues associated with Bactrim
Widespread hypersensitivity | Delayed hypersensitivity
72
What kind of coverage do fluoroquinolones have?
Broad-spectrum
73
Issue associated with sulfonamides
Significant hypersensitivity
74
What are potential life-threatening side effects of sulfonamides
Stevens-Johnson syndrome | Toxic epidermal necrolysis
75
Four mechanism-based classifications of antibiotics
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors Protein synthesis inhibitors Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors Folate synthesis inhibitors
76
What vitamin must bacteria synthesize?
Folate (Vitamin B9)
77
Properties of anesthetics
Analgesia Sensation reduction Amnesia Muscle relaxation
78
Four stages of anesthesia
Stage 1 Analgesia Stage 2 Excitement Stage 3 Surgical Stage 4 Medullary paralysis
79
What's the goal of anesthesia
Get patient to stage 3, surgical anesthesia, as quickly as possible
80
Two ways general anesthetics can be administered
Inhalation | Injection
81
Three ways local anesthetics can be administered
Topical Transdermal Injection
82
What's the theory behind the general mechanism of action for general anesthetics?
Drugs bind directly to receptors in CNS and either enhance inhibitory NTs or decrease excitatory NTs
83
What's the general mechanism of action for local anesthetics?
Drugs block Na+ channels
84
What's the biggest difference between general and local anesthetics?
no loss of consciousness with local anesthetics
85
How do local anesthetics produce analgesia without muscle paralysis?
Local anesthetics preferentially target small pain fibers before large motor fibers
86
Nitrous oxide is a _ anesthetic
general
87
Lidocaine (Lidoderm) is in a class of drugs called _
Local anesthetics

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