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AA: VH Nethmi > AT4: Urinary System > Flashcards

AT4: Urinary System Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Nephr/o

A

Kidney

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2
Q

Ren/o

A

Kidney

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3
Q

Cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder

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4
Q

Vesic/o

A

Urinary bladder

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5
Q

Urethr/o

A

Urethra

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6
Q

Ureter/o

A

Ureter

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7
Q

Pyel/o

A

Renal pelvis

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8
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

To filter out cellular waste, toxins and excess water from the blood-> to produce and excrete urine
To regulate fluid and electrolytes-> BP regulation
To maintain homeostasis through pH regulation

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9
Q

Functions of urinary system in kidney

A

To produce vitamin D
To stimulate RBC production

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10
Q

Structure of ureter

A

Tubes that allow for transport of urine from kidneys to bladder

3 layers;
- fibrous outer layer
-middle layer of smooth muscle-> can contract and relax to move urine
-inner layer of mucosa-> protecting/lubricating

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11
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Pertaining to behind the peritoneum

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12
Q

Structure of urinary bladder

A

Distensible muscular sac

-outer layer; loose conenctive tissue, contains blood and lymph vessels
-middle layer; interalcing smooth muscle and elastic tissue. MIDDLE LAYER= detrusor muscle
-inner mucosa of transitional epithelium which allows bladder to expand when required

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13
Q

Distensible meaning

A

Able to contract and relax to control when you urinate

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14
Q

Why is the bladder able to expand as urine accumulates

A

Due to presence of transitional epithelium in inner mucosa

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15
Q

What does the transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder allow for

A

Allows bladder to expand when required

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16
Q

What does the detrusor muscle do

A

Contracts to empty the muscle

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17
Q

What muscle contracts to empty the bladder

A

Destrusor muscle

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18
Q

Location of urinary bladder

A

Posterior to pubic symphysis

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19
Q

Function of urinary bladder

A

To store urine

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20
Q

What does frequent micturition mean

A

Frequent urination

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21
Q

What does inconetinece mean

A

Lack of bladder control

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22
Q

What muscles are in the bladder sphincter

A

The internal sphincter muscle
The external sphincter muscle

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23
Q

Structure of internal sphincter muscle

A

Located at opening of bladder to urethra
Smooth, involuntary muscle

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24
Q

Function of internal sphincter muscle

A

To prohibit release of urine

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25
External sphincter muscle structure
Outside the bladder Skeletal, voluntary muscle Secondary muscle in control of urine flow
26
How do the sphincter muscles in the bladder work
When one relaxes the voluntary muscle, the involuntary muscle relaxes as well When these muscles are relaxed, they open up allowing for urine to flow out of the bladder through the urethra and out of the body When these muscles are contracted, they keep urine in the bladder
27
Describe how muscular system works with bladder to achieve bladder control
Smooth muscle in bladder walls can contract or relax To hold urine in the bladder, internal and external sphincter muscles would both contract To allow urine flow out of bladder, internal and external sphincter muscles would both relax
28
Structure of urethra
Muscular tube from the bladder to the exterior Surrounded by internal and external urethral sphincter
29
Function of urethra
To provide pathway for urine from bladder to outside of body
30
Male urethra
20cm long Conducts both urine and semen Runs within the prostate gland
31
Female urethra
3 to 4cm long Conducts only urine
32
Structure of kidney
Two bean shaped organs, each about the size of a fist
33
Location of kidney
-posteriorly on abdominal wall -outside the peritoneum -right kidney sits lower -inferior to diaphragm
34
Function of kidneys
To remove wastes and extra fluid e.g water from the body via urine
35
Structure of cortex
Outer component Most superficial layer of kidney
36
Function of cortex
To protect the inner parts of the kidney
37
Renal pelvis structure
Deepest layer of kidney Inner part
38
Medulla structure
Inside of cortex Middle layer between cortex and renal pelvis
39
Medulla function
To regulate concentration of urine and blood volum
40
Renal pelvis function
To store urine before transporting it to bladder via ureter
41
Renal artery structure
Back of kidney Thick muscular walls, small lumen
42
Renal artery function
To provide a pathway for blood from heart to kidney for filtration
43
Renal vein structure
Back of kidney Thin floppy walls, large lumen
44
Renal vein function
To provide a pathway for filtered blood from kidney to heart
45
Main Functions of kidneys
To filter nutrients and wastes from the blood To produce urine
46
Other function of kidneys
To regulate blood volume by maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance To produce renin To metabolise vitamin d to its active form To regulate ph to maintain homeostasis To secrete EPO which stimulates RBC production
47
Sturcture of nephron
Microscopic structural and functional unit of kidney Each kidney contains 1 million nephrons
48
Stages of urine formation
Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
49
Where is urine produced
In the nephron of the kidneys
50
Glomerulus stucture
Directly encloses the tiny arterial capillary network of the glomerulus Contains holes Is semi permeable
51
Function of glomerulus
To filter the blood plasma from the blood cells and platelets
52
What does the glomerulus have unlike capillaries
Small specialised holes
53
Where does glomerular filtration
Glomerulus
54
What is the first stage of urine formation
Glomerular filtration
55
What happens in glomerular filtration
High pressure in glomerulus pushes small molecules (water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose) through semi permeable capillary walls and walls of the bowman’s capsule into the renal tubule. This then becomes filtrate
56
What do the holes in the glomerulus allow for
Allow for small molecules to pass through
57
What small molecules pass through the glomerulus into the filtrate
Water Electrolytes Amino acids Glucose Urea
58
What large molecules are in the EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
RBC Proteins WBCs Some AA Decreased glucose Plasma
59
Does the afferent arteriole have a larger or smaller concentration of smaller molecules than the efferent arteriole Why
Afferent arteriole has a larger concentration of smaller molecules than efferent arteriole because smaller molecules have passed through small holes in glomerulus
60
Structure of bowmans capsule
Membranosus Double walled capsule which surrounds the glomerulus
61
Function of bowman’s capsule
To receive filtrate from the glomerulus
62
Is it called blood or filtrate in the bowman’s capsule
Filtrate
63
Function of proximal convoluted tubule
To reabsorb ions, water, glucose and amino acids Nutrients from filtrate reabsorbed back into blood
64
What is the 2nd stage of urine formation
Tubular/selective re-asborption
65
Where does tubular reabsportion occur
Proximal convoluted tubule
66
What happens in tubular reabsorption
-reabsorption of substances e.g water, glucose, AA, salts from filtrate into blood Based on need (hormones involved in selective reabsorption)
67
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient and is passive transport
68
Function of descending LoH
To reabsorb water from filtrate to blood
69
Function of ascending LoH
To reabsorb salts from filtrate to blood
70
Which loop of henle directly comes off proximal convoluted tubule
Descending loop of henle
71
Fucntion of distal convoluted tubule
To perform tubular secretion of ions (H + and HCO3-) To get rid of wastes e.g H+ ions from blood into urine to be excreted ADH also act on this to reabsorb water +regulate blood bolume
72
3rd stage of urine formation
Tubular secretion
73
Where does tubular secretion occur
Distal convoluted tubule
74
What happens in tubular secretion
Wastes are removed from blood into urine Ions are removed form blood into urine (H+ ions and electrolytes)-> ph balance and regulation * Filtrate now referred to as URINE AFTER reabsorption and secretion is complete
75
Why does tubular secretion occur
-to dispose substances not already in filtrate e.g drugs - to eliminate unwanted substances reabsorbed by passive process e.g urea + uric acid - to control blood pH
76
If there is increased H+ ions in blood, is the blood more acidic or basic?
Acidic
77
To regulate pH of acidic blood, what must happen to H+ ions
H+ ions get secreted from blood into urine and out of the body
78
How does the respiratory system regulate blood pH
Hyperventilation/ inc. RR removes H+ ions t/f ph increases Hypoventilation/ dec. RR increases H+ ions t/f pH decreases
79
How do the kidneys decrease blood pH
Kidneys can excrete bicarbonate ions from blood into urine or retain (keep) H+ ions in blood to decrease pH * H+ ions are still in blood t/f blood= acidic T/f pH will be less than 7 Hence pH decreases
80
How do the kidneys increase blood pH
Kidneys can retain (keep) bicarbonate ions in blood or excrete H+ ions from blood into urine to increase pH *H+ ions out of blood t/f blood= basic PH will be more than 7 T/f inc. pH
81
Structure of collecting duct
A channel of urine from multiple nephrons to the renal pelvis
82
Function of collecting duct
To collect urine by reabsorbing water from the filtrate
83
Excrete meaning
From inside body to outside body
84
Secrete meaning
Release Inside body to inside body

AA: VH Nethmi (12 decks)

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