Attachment

Question 1

What is reciprocity?

Answer 1

when both infant and mother respond to each others signals and elicit a response from each other.

Question 2

Feldman (2007)

Answer 2

from around 3 months oldreciporicty tends to be increasily frequent.

Question 3

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 3

mother and infact reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a c–ordinated way.

Question 4

Meltzoff and Moore (1977)

Answer 4

observed the beginings of interactioncal synchrony in infants as young at 2 weeks old.

adult displayed one of three facial expressions or one of three gestures.

response of child filmed.

an assocation with the actions of the babies was found.

Question 5

What is a parent-infant attachment?

Answer 5

Schaffer and Emerson found that the majority of babies have their mothers as their primary attachment figure, and within a few weeks formed secondary attachments to other members.

Question 6

The role of the father

Answer 6

Grossman: longitudanal study looking at both parents behaviour and the quality of childrens attachments in their teens.

The quality of the fathers play with infants was related to the quality of adolesense attachments- father role is to do with play.

Question 7

Fathers as primary care givers

Answer 7

Field- filmed 4 month old babies in face-to-face interactions with their primary care giver mothers and fathers, and secondary caregiver fathers.

the key to an attachment relationship is the level of responsivness and not the gender of the parent

Question 8

Controlled observations

Answer 8

observations of mother-infant interactions are well-controlled

better validity

Question 9

Observations don’t tell the purpose of synchrony and reciporcity

Answer 9

feldmen- describes behaviour occuring but not why these behaviours occurs

Question 10

Inconsistent findings on fathers

Answer 10

some research says fathers can be maternal, some researchs suggests that fathers play a different role.

Question 11

Children without fathers are not different

Answer 11

MacCallum and Golombok- found that children growing up in a single-parent or same-sex parent household do not develop any differently than those in a two-parent hetrosexual family.

Question 12

Why do fathers not become primary attachments?

Answer 12

Female hormones, such as oestrogen create higher levels of nurturing and therefore women are biologically predisposed to be the primary attachment figure.

Question 13

what are Schaffers stages of attachment?

Answer 13

asocial stage
indiscriminate attachment
specific attachment
multiple attachments

Question 14

what is the asocial stage of the stages of attachment?

Answer 14

first few weeks

babies behaviour towards non-human objects and humans are similar.

babies show some preference for familiar adults

Question 15

what is the indiscriminate attachment stage?

Answer 15

from 2-7 months

show a preference for people rather than objects

recognise and prefer familiar adults

do not show stranger or seperation anxiety.

Question 16

what is the specific attachment stage?

Answer 16

from around 7 months

anxiety towards strangers, and anxiety when separated from a particular adult.

has a primary attachment figure

Question 17

What is the multiple attachments stage?

Answer 17

shortly after babies start to show attachment to one adult, they usually extend this behaviour to other adults with whom they regulary spend time.

These are secondary attachments.

29% of children had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment.

Question 18

Evaluation of Stages of Attachment

good external validity

Answer 18

carried out in homes

observation done by parents during ordianry activites.

Question 19

Evaluation of Stages of Attachment

Longitudinal design

Answer 19

the same children used

better internal validity beause no participant variables

Question 20

Evaluation of Stages of Attachment

limited sample characteristics

Answer 20

culturally bias

cannot generalise to other times or cultures

same social class and in the same city

Question 21

Evaluation of Stages of Attachment

Measuring multiple attachments

Answer 21

Bowlby pointed out that children may have playmates as well as attachment figures and may get distressed when a playmate leaves the room but this doesnt signify an attachment.

Question 22

Lorenz’s research

Answer 22

randomlly divided goose eggs, half with their mother, half hatched with him.

the experimental group followed Lorenz (imprinting)

Question 23

What did Lorenz identify?

Answer 23

a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place.

Question 24

What is sexual imprinting?

Answer 24

birds who imprinted on a human would often later display courtship behaviour towards humans.

Question 25

Harlow's research

Answer 25

reared 16 baby monkeys with two mothers- a wire mother and a cloth mother. the monkeys cuddled the soft object in preference to the wire one and sought comfort with the soft one when frightened regardless of which one dispensed milk.

Question 26

Maternally deprived monkeys as adults

Answer 26

more dysfunctional, more aggressive and less sociable and unskilled at mating. as mothers some neglected their young and other attacked and killed their babies.

Question 27

Evaluations of Lorenz's study

Answer 27

generlaisability to humans- mammalian attachment is different than birds- not appropriate to generalise to humans. some observations have been questioned- the ideas that imprinting has a permanent effect on mating behaviour disproved by Guiton et al- chickens who imprinted on a yellow glove would try to mate, but later change their preferences to othr chickens.

Question 28

Evaluation of Harlow's research

Answer 28

Theoretical value- attachment does not develop as a result of being fed. The importance of early relationships for later social development. Practical value- helped social workers understand risk factors in neglect and when to intervene to prevent it. Ethical issues- no protection from harm, no consent

Question 29

Learning theory and attachment

Answer 29

``` Classical conditioning- us- ucr ns- no response uc+ns- ucr cs- cr Operant conditioning- positive and negative reinforcement ```

Question 30

Learning theory attachment as a secondary drive

Answer 30

hunger is a primary drive attachment is a secondary drive

Question 31

Evaluation of learning theory

Answer 31

counter-evidence from animal research (Harlows monkeys prefered the mother who was soft than the one who provided food) counter-evidence from human research- most babies formed primary attachment with mother even when other carers did most the feeding (schaffer and emerson)

Question 32

What is Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment?

Answer 32

the child's attachment to one caregiver is different and moer important than the others. the more time a baby spent with this mother figure, the better

Question 33

What is the law of continuity and law of accumulated separation (monotropic theory)

Answer 33

the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better quality attachment. every separation from the mother adds up

Question 34

Monotropic theory: What are social releasers?

Answer 34

babies born with a set on innate 'cute' behaviours. purpose is to activiate the adult attachment system.

Question 35

Monotropic theory: What is the critical period?

Answer 35

around 2 years when the infant attachment system is active, bowlby viewed this as a sensitive period.

Question 36

Monotropic theory: What is the internal working model?

Answer 36

a mental representation of relationship with primary caregiver. serves as a model for what relationships are like. power effect on future relationships.

Question 37

Evaluation of Monotropic theory mixed evidence for monotropy

Answer 37

Schaffer and Emerson: found a significant number of babies made multiple attachments at the same time.

Question 38

Evaluation of Monotropic theory Support for social releasers

Answer 38

Brazleton et al: observed mothers and babies during interactions, then turned it into an experiment. Mothers had to ignore the social releasers. the babies initially showed some disress, but then curled up and lying motionless.

Question 39

Evaluation of Monotropic theory Support for internal working model

Answer 39

Bailey et al: assessed 99 mothers with one year old babies on the quality of their attachment to their own mothers unsing an interview. also assessed attachment with the babies via observation. It was found that mothers who had had poor attachments with their own mothers were more likely to have children who were poorly attached.

Question 40

Evaluation of Monotropic theory

Answer 40

Socially senstive temperament may be important

Question 41

Procedure of Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 41

controlled observation proximity seeking exploration and secure-base behaviour- child is encouraged to explore stranger anxiety- stranger enters and interacts separation anxiety- caregiver leaves the child and stranger together, then the caregiver returns and leaves again, leaving the child alone, then stranger returns response to reunion- caregiver returns

Question 42

Findings of Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 42

Secure attachment- 60- 75% insecure-avoidant- 20-25% insecure-resistant- 3%

Question 43

Findings of Ainsworth's strange situation Secure attachment

Answer 43

explore happily, but go back to caregiver. moderate seperation distress and moderate stranger anxiety. require and accept comfort at reunion

Question 44

Findings of Ainsworth's strange situation insecure-avoidant

Answer 44

explore freely but do not seek proximity. show little or no reaction when caregiver leaves little stranger anxiety do not require comfort on reunion

Question 45

Findings of Ainsworth's strange situation insecure-resistant

Answer 45

seek greater proximity explore less huge stranger anxiety huge seperation distress resist comfort when caregiver returns.

Question 46

Evalution of Ainsworth's strange situation Support for validity

Answer 46

Attachment type is strongly predictive of later development. Secure- better success at school and romantic relationships and friendships. insecure-resistant- bullying and adult mental health problems evidence for validity because it can explain subsequent outcomes.

Question 47

Evalution of Ainsworth's strange situation Good reliability

Answer 47

good inter-rater reliability- observors often agree- 94% behavioural categories are easy to observe.

Question 48

Evalution of Ainsworth's strange situation Culture-bound

Answer 48

Takahashi- japanese mothers are rarely separated from their babies so the children showed high levels of separation anxiety.

Question 49

Evalution of Ainsworth's strange situation Another attachment type

Answer 49

Disorganised attachment- odd mix of behaviours.

Question 50

what was van ijzendoorns study?

Answer 50

meta analysis of strange situation in many countries 32 studies 75% securely attached in uk, 50% in china 3% resistant in uk, 30% in israel avoidant most common in germany, least common in japan

Question 51

what did simonella et al research and find

Answer 51

italy- strange situation 50% secure 36% insecure avoidant maybe because more mothers working long hours

Question 52

what did jin et al find and study

Answer 52

strange situation- south korea most secure higher proportion of insecure resistant only one child was insecure avoidant

Question 53

evaluation of cultural variations in attachment

Answer 53

larger samples samples tend to be unrepresentative method of assessment is culture biased

Question 54

What is Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 54

the emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother . continuous care from a mother is essential for normal psychological development , and that prolonged separation causes serious damage to development

Question 55

what is separation vs deprivation?

Answer 55

separation is the child not being in the presence of the caregiver

Question 56

What is the critical period

Answer 56

first 30 months of life psychological damage is inevitable is there is an absence

Question 57

what are the effects on development of maternal deprivation

Answer 57

intellectual development- abnormally low IQ emotional development- affectionless psychopathy

Question 58

what was bowlbys 44 thieves study?

Answer 58

44 criminal teenagers all were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy found that 14 of them were affectionless psychopaths , if the 14, 12 of them had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first 2 years of their lives

Question 59

Evaluation of maternal deprivation

Answer 59

evidence may be poor- eg war orphans grew up in poor quality orphanages so may be traumatised counter evidence- lewis replicated 44 theives with 500 young people, found no correlation critical period is more of a sensitive period

Question 60

What is instutionalisation?

Answer 60

the effects of living in an institutional setting. very little emotional care provided

Question 61

What was the procedure of Rutters english and romanian adoptee study?

Answer 61

Followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adpoted into Britain. Assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years. Control group of 52 british adopted children.

Question 62

What was the findings of Rutters orphan study?

Answer 62

when first arrived- 50% showd signs of delayed intellectual development. Age 11- mean IQ of those adpoted before 6 months was 102, compared to 86 of those adopted between 6 months and 2 years and 77 for those adopted after 2 years. These remained at age 16. Those adpoted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment.

Question 63

What was the findings of the Bucharest Early Intervention project?

Answer 63

74% of control securely attached. 19% of institualised securely attached, 65% disorganised attachment

Question 64

What are the effects of institutionalisation?

Answer 64

Disinhibited attachment Mental retardation

Question 65

Evaluation of Romanian orphan studies Real-life application

Answer 65

enhanced our understanding of the effects of instsutionalsation. led to improvemtns in the way children are cared for, eg avoiding large numbers of care givers for one child.

Question 66

Evaluation of Romanian orphan studies Fewer extraneuos variables than other studies

Answer 66

many orphan studies before involved children who had been through trauma, eg neglect, abuse, bereavement.

Question 67

Evaluation of Romanian orphan studies The Romanian orphanages were not typical

Answer 67

the conditions were so bad that the results cannot be applied to understanding the impact of better quality institutional care . unusual situational variables- lack generalisability.

Question 68

Evaluation of Romanian orphan studies Ethical issues

Answer 68

children not randomly assigned.

Question 69

What does attachment type mean for relationships in later childhood?

Answer 69

securely attached infants go on to form the best quality childhood friendships. Insecurely attached infants go on to have friendship difficulties. Research: assessed attachment type and bullying involvment using questionnaires in 196 children aged 7-11. secure less likely to be involved in bullying. avoidant most likely to be victims and resistant most likely to be bullies.

Question 70

What does attachment type mean for relationships in adulthood romantic partners?

Answer 70

Hazan and Shaver- love quiz. 56% securely attachted, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant. Those with secure attachments were more likely to ghave good and longer lasting romantic experiences. avoidant- jealousy and fear of intimacy.

Question 71

What does attachment type mean for relationships in adulthood as a parent?

Answer 71

internal working models affect the childs ability to be a parent.