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AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 > Year 2 research methods > Flashcards

Year 2 research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What must a psychology report include?

A

Title, abstract, introduction, procedure, results, discussion, references and appendices

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2
Q

What is the title?

A

Must be concise, clear, gives the reader an idea of the investigations concerns

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3
Q

what is the abstract?

A

a brief summary of the investigation , written last, appears at the front

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4
Q

what must be included in the abstract?

A 
a one sentence summary
description of participants and sampling technique 
description of procedure 
description of results 
conclusion
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5
Q

what is the introduction?

A

a literature review of the general area of investigation
relevant theories, concepts and studies
logical progression - become more specific until aim and hypnosis are presented

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6
Q

What is the method?

A 
Four sub-sections 
design and overview 
participants and investigators 
apparatus 
procedure
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7
Q

What is included in the design and overview?

A 
research method used and why
research design use and justified 
state iv and dv
any other variables controlled 
how you delay with ethical issues
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8
Q

what is included in participants and investigators

A 
who and how were they selected 
sampling procedure 
the investigator
number of participants 
how they were allocated into groups
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9
Q

what is included in the apparatus and materials

A

a list of everything used

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10
Q

what is included in the procedure?

A

exactly what you did from start to finish
any pilot studies
refer to appendices for standardised instructions, debrief, copies of materials
a verbatim of everything said to participants

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11
Q

what is included in the results?

A

summarise key findings
summary table
fully labelled graph
do not include raw data

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12
Q

what is included in inferential statistics ?

A

were the results statistically significant?
is it possible to reject null hypothesis?
statistical test must be fully justified

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13
Q

what is included in the discussion ?

A

state findings in psychological terms, relating to aims and hypothesis
state whether findings support those of your background study

compare findings to existing research

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14
Q

what is included in the discussion of limitations and modifications ?

A 
critical look at research 
strengths of study 
weaknesses of research 
look at confounding variables that could have affected the results 
suggest modifications
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15
Q

what is included in the discussion: implications and suggestions for further research?

A

suggest ideas for further research

real world applications and implications

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16
Q

What is included in references ?

A

background study
any internet resources
in alphabetical order

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17
Q

what is included in the appendices ?

A 
raw data 
calculations 
stimulus materials 
standardised instructions 
debrief
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18
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

can not tell us whether the results are significant or not
measures of central tendency
measures of dispersion
graphs and tables

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19
Q

what are inferential statistics ?

A

refers to use of statistical tests which tell us whether the relationship found is significantly signficant or not

helps decide which hypothesis to accept and which to reject

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20
Q

what is probability ?

A

how likely the results are due to chance factors

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21
Q

what is the level of probability used by psychologists?

A

5%

0.05

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22
Q

what is a null hypothesis ?

A

any difference between the two conditions is caused by chance

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23
Q

what is a type one error?

A

occurs when a null hypnosis is rejected when it is in fact true

overly optimistic

more likely to occur when a less stringent level of significance is applied

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24
Q

what is a type two error?

A

occurs when a null hypothesis is retained when it is in fact false

pessimistic

more likely to occur when a more stringent level of significance is applied

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25
When do you used a Chi squared test?
when it is a test of difference unrelated data nominal data
26
when do you use a sign test?
test of difference related data nominal data
27
when do you use a chi squared test (2)
test of correlation/ relationship nominal
28
when do you use Mann-Whitney test?
test of difference unrelated data ordinal
29
When do you use a Wilcoxon test?
test of difference related data ordinal
30
when do you use Spearman’s Rho test?
test of correlation ordinal
31
When do you use an unrelated t-test?
test of difference unrelated data interval
32
when do you use a related t-test?
test of difference related data interval
33
when do you use Pearson’s r test?
test of correlation interval
34
What are the parametric tests?
unrelated t-test, related t-test, Pearson’s r test
35
what are non-parametric tests?
chi-squared sign test Mann Whitney Wilcoxon Spearman’s Rho
36
What is nominal data?
data in separate categories data is discrete
37
What is ordinal data?
the data is ordered in some way does not have equal measurements between scores
38
What is interval data?
data is measured using units of equal measurement
39
How to do a sign test
Convert data into nominal data by subtracting one category score from the other - either a + or a - add up the + and add the - take the less frequent sign and call this a and the number of participants N compare calculated value with critical value
40
How to find the critical value using chi squared test
Degrees of freedom (df)= (number of rows-1) x (number of columns -1)
41
What is content analysis?
the method used to analyse qualitative data researcher observes indirectly through visual, written or verbal material
42
content analysis What is coding?
involves placing quantitative and qualitative data into catergories
43
What is thematic analysis?
a theme in content analysis refers to any idea that is recurrent
44
what is the process of content analysis?
1. make design decisions 2. read artefacts in an unbiased way 3. break data into meaningful units 4. review all data , record 5. combine simple codes into larger themes
45
strengths of content analysis
high ecological validity can be replicated easily
46
limitations of content analysis
observer bias reduces internal validity culture biased
47
Strengths of case studies
in-depth as longitudinal unique - unusual behaviour can be learnt about ethics- can study something which wouldn’t usually be ethical
48
weaknesses of case studies
ethics- consent generalisation
49
What is a histogram used for
interval/ continuous data bars touch as data is continuous
50
What is reliability?
how consistent the findings from an investigation are
51
how do you asses the reliability of an experiment
replication - same conditions but with different participants
52
how do you improve reliability of an experiment
strict control of variables standardised instructions
53
how do you asses reliability of an observation or content analysis?
inter- rater reliability - measuring the consistency of scoring between raters, higher is indicated by a significant positive correlation
54
how do you improve reliability of an observation or content analysis?
observers should be trained thoroughly operationalisation of behavioural categories raters should have the opportunity to discuss problems
55
how do you asses the reliability of a test/ questionnaire/ interview?
test- retest method - same ps given same test correlation to test test retest reliability
56
how do you improve reliability of a test/ questionnaire/ interview?
revising questions that may be unclear rephrasing instructions for clarity revising test procedures do a pilot study before
57
what is validity ?
whether an experiment produces an effect that is legitimate
58
what is face validity?
whether an experiment appears to measure what it claims to measure
59
what is concurrent validity?
the extend to which a psychological measure relates to an existing, established measure
60
what are types of internal validity ?
face validity concurrent validity
61
what is ecological validity ?
the extend to which findings from a research study can be generalised to other settings and situations
62
what is temporal validity?
the extend to which findings can be generalised to other historical times and eras
63
what are examples of external validity?
ecological validity temporal validity
64
how do you asses internal validity
threats- demand characteristics, investigator effects and confounding variables. face - intuitive measurement concurrent - comparaspm of those results to those previously achieved
65
how to improve internal validity
using double blind procedure change design features
66
how to asses ecological validity
replication of study in other settings more realised tasks if due to mundane realism
67
how to improve ecological validity
realistic settings so findings can be generalised different settings so refined methodology improve the mundane realism of the tasks
68
how to assess temporal validity
replication of study over time and comparing research findings
69
how to improve validity of experiments
use a control group standardise procedures use single and double blind procedures
70
how to improve the validity of questionnaires
lie scale tell ps they will remain anonymous
71
how to improve validity of observations
use covert observation use more specific behavioural categories
72
how to improve validity of qualitative methods
interpretative validity by direct quotes from ps triangulation - looking for extra evidence from other sources
73
what is the definition of science
a means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigations
74
what are the 7 features of science
``` objectivity replicability theory construction hypothesis testing empirical method falsifiability paradigms ```

AQA A-Level Psychology Year 2 (10 decks)

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