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Psychology 258 > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

attention

A

mechanisms for continued cognitive processing

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2
Q

4 metaphors for attention

A
  1. spotlight
  2. zoom lens
  3. bottleneck
  4. filter
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3
Q

2 types of processes in the brain

A
  1. automatic

2. controlled

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4
Q

automatic processes

A

anything that happens without attention

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5
Q

parts of brain involved in controlled processes

A
  1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

2. anterior cingulate cortex

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6
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

associated with top-down processing and avoiding distractions

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7
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

involved in cognitive processes like decision making and impulse control

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8
Q

5 qualities of attention

A
  1. limited
  2. selective
  3. orienting
  4. searching
  5. sustained
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9
Q

evidence that attention is limited (4)

A
  1. Nilli Lavie load theory
  2. attentional blink
  3. divided attention
  4. task switching (distracted driving)
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10
Q

Nilli Lavie theory

A

load theory

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11
Q

processing capacity

A

amount of stuff you can handle at one time

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12
Q

load

A

amount of resources needed to do something

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13
Q

load theory

A

the heavier the load, the less capacity remaining to do another task

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14
Q

Miller’s theory

A

7 plus or minus 2 bits of information in the working memory

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15
Q

load theory teaching implications

A

if students have a difficult task, don’t add anything on top of this

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16
Q

attentional blink

A

failure to notice the second of 2 stimuli when presented rapidly

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17
Q

RSVP

A

rapid serial visual presentation

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18
Q

dual task paradigm

A

procedure in which a participant performs 2 tasks at the same time

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19
Q

key factor to distinguish in the dual-task paradigm

A

if the task is discrete or continuous

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20
Q

discrete task

A

has a start, beginning, and end

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21
Q

continuous task

A

continuously doing something

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22
Q

who researched divided attention? and when?

A

Schneider and Shiffrin (1971)

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23
Q

Schneider and Shiffrin experiment (1977)

A

remember target (letters or numbers) and search through distractors. After 900 trials accuracy improved from 55% to 90% as the task became automatic

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24
Q

how is a task switching experiment performed

A
  1. repeating trials
  2. alternating trials
    - measure the switch cost between trials
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25
who studied distracted driving and when
Strayer and Johnston (2001 and 2003)
26
Strayer and Johnston 2001
keep cursor aligned with a target and press stop button when cursor turns red - subjects were less effective when talking on the phone, but not when listening to the radio
27
Strayer and Johnstonn 2003
same experiment but with a driving simulator
28
why does the radio not effect these results
it only marginally uses attention
29
how much does cell phone use increase accident likelihood
by 4X
30
evidence that attention is selective (1 things)
1. cocktail party effect
31
cocktail party effect
ability to focus auditory attention on one stimulus while simultaneously ignoring many others
32
who studied selective listening? when?
Cherry (1953)
33
Cherry's methodology
dichotic listening test
34
dichotic listening test
different signals go into each ear and subjects are told to ignore one while focusing on the other - repeat what goes into the "listening ear"
35
who had selective attention models?
1. Broadbent 2. Treisman 3. MacKay
36
Broadbent's model
sensory memory -> filter -> detector -> memory
37
Treisman's model
attenuator -> dictionary unit -> memory
38
what does the attenuator analyze information based on
1. physical characteristics 2. meaning 3. grouping of words/sounds
39
function of the dictionary unit
stores words
40
MacKay's experiment
dichotic listening - play ambiguous words in one ear - in unattended ear play words affecting cognition - both ears affect subject decision
41
MacKay example
play "bank" in attended ear - play "money" in unattented ear - complete sentence "they through rocks at the..." - patients will choose to complete the sentence with money bank rather than river bank
42
late selection model
selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until meaning is determined
43
MacKay's model name
late selection model
44
Broadbent's and Treisman's models
early selection models
45
2 types of attention orienting
1. overt | 2. covert
46
overt orienting
shift in attention is accompanied by a shift in the body
47
covert orienting
shift in attention without shifting the body
48
how do we study overt orienting
eye tracking
49
2 types of eye movements
1. saccades | 2. fixations
50
saccades
jerky eye movement between fixations
51
fixations
when the eyes are stationary
52
who developed the priming (precueing) experiment
Posner
53
priming/precueing
fixation point followed by a cue, followed by a target
54
time between the cue and the target
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
55
types of trials in Posner's experiment
1. valid -> cue and target in same place 2. invalid -> cue and target in different places 3. neutral -> no cue
56
what 2 things determine eye movements
1. exogenous cues | 2. endogenous cues
57
exogenous cues
attention is pulled by external stimuli
58
what are exogenous cues dependent on
the salience (noticability) of the stimulus
59
endogenous cues
shifts in attention based on meaning of a stimulus (eg: an arrow)
60
scene schemas
knowledge of a scene influences eye movement
61
who researched how attention searches
Treisman
62
Treisman's theory
feature integration theory
63
2 stages of detection according to Treisman
1. preattentive stage | 2. focused attention stage
64
preattentive stage
detect feautres
65
what if a feature is detected during the preattentive stage
the pop out effect occurs and it is automatic
66
disjunctive search
looking for one feature
67
focused attention stage
features are put together which requires attention, more distractors = more time
68
conjunctive search
putting features together
69
how long do we focus on each word when reading
200-300 ms
70
regressions (reading)
eye tracking studies show we often skip words and go back to read what we've skipped
71
how are regressions related to dyslexics
they do them more often
72
moving window technique
present words on a computer screen one at a time
73
entry points
first thing you look at when looking at something
74
book entry point
the top left corner
75
nystagmus
disorder of eye movements involving involuntary saccades
76
reticular activating system
associated with general arousal and consciousness
77
specific roles of the RAS
muscle tension, heart rate, sensory thresholds
78
where is the RAS located
in the brainstem
79
autonomic nervous system functions (4)
1. breathing 2. pupil dilation 3. respiration 4. perspiration
80
explicit vs implicit processing
- explicit = occurs with awareness | - implicit = occurs without awareness
81
who studied implicit processing? when?
Bonebakker (1996)
82
what did Bonebakker use in his experiment?
word stem completion task
83
word stem completion task
given first part of word and asked to complete the word
84
Bonebakker's experiment
if people are primed before the word stem completion task they can be swayed
85
when did Bonebakker prime these people?
when they were unconscious during surgery
86
2 types of errors the attention makes
1. commission errors | 2. omission errors
87
commission errors
when you respond to something you aren't supposed to respond to
88
omission errors
when you don't respond to something you're supposed to respond to
89
which type of errors are caused by mind wandering?
omission errors
90
who linked omission errors to mind wandering
Simon and Chabris
91
Simon and Chabris experiment
gorilla walks onto screen but people aren't paying attention and 50% of people don't see it
92
what can the illusion of attention cause
blindness
93
2 types of attentional blindness
1. inattention blindness | 2. change blindness
94
inattention blindness
not being able to see things in plain view
95
change blindness
not being able to perceive a change in a visual scene you're looking at

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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