Knowledge and Imagery Flashcards
1
Q
knowledge
A
information or skills acquired through experience
2
Q
concepts
A
mental representations of groups of things
3
Q
categories
A
groups of things themselves, as they exist in the real world
4
Q
type
A
specific mental representation
5
Q
token
A
specific real life thing
6
Q
concrete concepts
A
actual things
7
Q
abstract concepts
A
your interpretation of these things
8
Q
what occurs when we recognize an object?
A
we classify it
9
Q
how is communication related to concepts?
A
communication is discussion of concepts we have
10
Q
2 types of concepts
A
- formal
2. natural
11
Q
formal concept
A
true by definition
12
Q
example of a formal concept
A
a triangle has 3 sides
13
Q
natural concept
A
defined by perceptions and interactions in the world
14
Q
3 levels to concepts
A
- superordinate
- basic
- subordinate
15
Q
superordinate level
A
super general
16
Q
basic level
A
good balance between superordinate and subordinate
17
Q
subordinate level
A
very specific
18
Q
what is the basic level dependent on
A
your expertise in that category
19
Q
age of acquisition
A
we learn names for basic level before superordinate and subordinate
20
Q
classical theory
A
concepts have a definitional structure in the form of a list of attributes
21
Q
according to classical theory, what determined an object?
A
if it matched the definition concept
22
Q
necessary conditions
A
every member of a classification meets these
23
Q
sufficient conditions
A
you don’t necessarily need this trait
24
Q
classical theory category membership
A
you are either 100% in or 100% out
- everything is equally in
25
are classical theory properties transitive?
yes
26
transitive
properties carry over
| - every that is X is also Y
27
5 problems with classical theory
1. fuzziness
2. intransitivity
3. typicality effects
4. ad-hoc categories
5. culture
28
typicality effects
not all concepts in a category are equal
29
who created prototype theory?
Rosch
30
prototype
hypothetically typical or idealized item
31
how does prototype theory categorization occur
when you compare what you are looking at to the prototype
32
does prototypicality vary?
yes, it can vary from high to low
33
who coined family resemblance
Wittgenstein
34
family resemblance in prototype theory
one thing can look a bit like another, without necessarily sharing every common feature
35
4 problems with prototype theory
1. defining prototypes
2. prior knowledge effects
3. ad-hoc categories
4. context
36
prior knowledge effects
prior knowledge influences which features you pay attention to
37
exemplar theory
compare what you are looking at to an exemplar
38
exemplar
an individual item or token
39
what happens when you store each token?
you preserve variability of items
40
how does exemplar theory explain ad-hoc categories?
with all tokens in the mind we can make new groups
41
2 problems with exemplar theory
1. storage of every exemplar ever encountered
| 2. definition of exemplar
42
why is definition of exemplar a problem?
is an exemplar every object or every encounter with that object
43
2 categories of models
1. semantic networks
| 2. connectionist models
44
who proposed the semantic network model?
Collins and Quillian
45
how are nodes connected?
in meaningful ways
46
exceptions in the semantic network model
include the exception with notation in the model itself
47
spreading activation
method of searching the semantic network
48
what type of model is the semantic network model
hierarchical
49
3 problems with the semantic network model
1. typicality effect
2. cognitive economy
3. sentence verification times
50
connectionism
an approach to modeling knowledge as an emergent process of interconnected units
51
PDP
concepts represented as activity distributed across a network
52
is connectionism a neural model
no
53
3 levels to connectionism
1. input units
2. output units
3. hidden units
54
input units
receive info from senses
55
output units
give a response
56
hidden units
change information flow and allow models to emerge
57
what does the activation of one unit depend on? (2 things)
1. signal that originates from the input
| 2. connections throughout the network
58
how are concepts represented
distributed pattern of activity across all units in the network
59
training networks
several iterations and simulations for the system to learn
60
what feature is critical for training networks
feedback
61
feedback
error signal going back into model saying a mistake is made
62
back propagation
when a mistake is made, the signal propagates backwards altering these connections
63
learning in connectionism
altering strength of connections
64
3 advantages of connectionism
1. intuitive
2. mimics brain damage
3. generalization of learning
65
how is connectionism intuitive
looks like what we think is happening in the brain
66
how does connectionism mimic brain damage
if certain units are destroyed the model still outputs responses
67
how does connectionism show generalization of learning
we can generalize what we learn to other new circumstances
68
mental imagery
internal representation of perceptual experience without sensory input
69
main type of mental imagery
visual imagery
70
6 functions of imagery
1. solve
2. predict
3. mental models
4. memories
5. navigate
6. learn
71
4 properties of mental imagery
1. scan images
2. zoom in
3. rotate images
4. compose things
72
analogue
parts have many important qualities as picture but aren't pictures
73
proposition
most basic unit of meaning that has a truth value
74
who said that imagery is analogue?
- Paivio
- Shepard & Metzler
- Kosslyn
75
who said imagery is propositional
- Pylysyn
76
who created the dual coding hypothesis
Paivio
77
Paivio experiment
paired associate task with abstract and concrete words
78
Paivio results
best at CC, then CA, then AA
| - because people can create a visual representation of concrete items
79
dual coding hypothesis
concrete words are coded with verbal information and a mental image
80
Shepard and Metzler
rotation experiment thing
81
Kosslyn experiment
- mentally scan objects and imagine them after
- focus on one part and then answer questions of increasing distances from that part
- it takes longer to answer questions further away
82
Pylyshyn
representation is an epiphenomenon
83
how is representation an epiphenomenon
just an after effect of what the brain is doing
84
Pylyshyn argument about demand characteristics
people have tacit knowledge to give answers that they think are right
85
Kosslyn mental walk
walk up to an animal
- people were accurate when determining how close they were when the animal occupied the field of view
- proves analogue
86
Finke and Pinker experiment
dots appear on one screen
- arrow appears on another screen
- larger distance between dot and arrow = longer time to respond
- disproves tacit knowledge being an effect
87
Farah experiment
imagine a T and H on each screen
- T and H flash up on each screen
- if these coincide you are correct, if not you're incorrect
88
what did Farah's experiment show
shows that perception and visual imagery can interact
89
what do medial temporal lobe neurons respond to
balls but not faces
90
are MT neurons imagery neurons?
yes, because they respond when imagining balls too
91
why are less areas of the visual cortex active when imagining?
because imagining is less vivid than actually seeing
92
what other effect does imagining have on the brain?
some areas deactivated to tune out interference (auditory)
93
TMS experiment
inactivating visual areas also slows down imagery
| - this shows imagery is not an epiphenomen
94
MGS mental walk
half of occipital lobe removed greatly impacted ability to do mental walk task
