Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
cognitive neuroscience
A
study of nervous system to understand cognition
2
Q
difference between psychology and neuroscience studies
A
different tools and methodologies
3
Q
3 possible connections between mind and brain
A
- mind and brain are separate
- mind is a by-product of the brain (epiphenomenon)
- mind and brain are 2 aspects of the same thing
4
Q
dualism
A
mind and brain are separate
5
Q
parallelism
A
mind and brain are 2 aspects of same thing
6
Q
localization of function
A
specific functions take place in specific brain areas
7
Q
lateralization
A
specific functions are located in one hemisphere of the brain
8
Q
contralateral control
A
brain controls opposite side of body (ie. motor control)
9
Q
hemispheric specialization
A
hemispheres do specific things
10
Q
is language restricted to one hemisphere?
A
no, both hemispheres have language capabilities
11
Q
Mcgilchrist
A
looked at anatomical differences between left and right hemispheres
12
Q
difference in attention between 2 hemispheres
A
right = sustain broad alertness left = sharply focused attention
13
Q
anatomical difference between 2 hemispheres
A
broader at back on left
broader at front on right
14
Q
what does the combination of both hemispheres allow for?
A
empathy
15
Q
plasticity
A
ability of brain to change as result of experience
16
Q
neuronal plasticity
A
neurons are plastic (eg: synapse regeneration)
17
Q
brain plasticity
A
new pathways and connections in the brain
18
Q
structural plasticity
A
ability of brain to create new pathways
19
Q
functional plasticity
A
ability of brain to move functions from one part of the brain to another
20
Q
most important age for plasticity
A
childhood and adolescence
21
Q
is plasticity just neurons
A
no, glial and vascular cells as well
22
Q
amount of neurons in the brain
A
10-100 billion
23
Q
amount of glia cells
A
1-50X as many as neurons
24
Q
number of synapses
A
0.15 quadrillion
25
layers of cortex
6
26
dendrites
receive info and bring to cell body
27
soma
contains nucleus
28
nodes of Ranvier
where action potential happens and propagates
29
what does myelin do to the electrical signal
speeds it up
30
CT scan
computer axial tomography
31
tomographic image
a 3D image made from 2D sections
32
what is a CT scan a form of?
an X-ray
33
what type of X-ray is used in a CT scan
a moveble x-ray
34
3 important parts of CT scan
1. moveable x-ray source
2. x-ray center (opposite side)
3. computer
35
advantage of CT
see inside a living thing without cutting it
36
disadvantage of CT
receive x-ray radiation
37
good use for CT
finding a tumor or a lesion
38
PET scan
positron emission tomography
39
is PET invasive or non-invasive
slightly invasive, less than a CT scan though
40
how does a PET scan work?
radioactive glucose consumed and shows where blood flow is
41
subtraction technique
give people one task, and the task you're interested in. Subtract PET scan of the 2 to find area of interest
42
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
43
how does an MRI work
brief, powerful magnets cause oxygen atoms to aline
44
fMRI
moving images show active neurons consuming oxyhemoglobin
45
how does the spatial resolution of MRI compare to CT scans
better
46
is MRI invasive
no
47
what is the downside to MRI?
expensive
48
EEG
ElectroEncephaloGram
49
is EEG invasive?
completely non-invasive
50
how does an EEG work?
electrical activity recorded at the scalp
51
downside of EEG
a column of brain tissue is recorded and a 2D image is produced. can't look deep into the brain
52
ERP
event related potential
53
how does ERP work
averages EEG patterns to find characteristic peaks and valleys after stimulus onset
54
what is ERP useful for
defining brain activity at the immediate point of a stimulus
55
advantage
cheaper than MRI or PET
56
2 pieces of info from ERP
lag time (in ms) and if the potential is positive or negative
57
MEG
MagnetoEncephaloGraphy
58
what does MEG do
direct measure of neural activity using magnetic fields at the scalp
59
how does MEG spatial resolution compare to MRI
just as good
60
how does MEG temporal resolution compare to fMRI
10X faster
61
downsides to MEG
study only surface tissue and very expensive
62
DTI
diffusion tensor imaging
63
what is DTI a form of?
MRI
64
what does DTI show
axonal organization
| organization of connections in the brain
65
does DTI measure neuronal activity
no it measures motion water molecules through diffusion in axons
66
advantage of DTI over MRI
shows what parts of the brain are connected
67
PDP
parallel distributed processing
68
3 principles of PDP
1. all representations are distributed (not local)
2. storage is between units (not in units)
3. learning happens gradually
69
storage is between units
memories and knowledge are stored in connections between units
70
all representations are distributed
information in the brain is distributed everywhere
71
learning happens gradually
after repeated exposures of a presentation, the system changes and a memory is formed
72
what are nodes and connections represented as in neural networks?
```
nodes = circles
lines = connections
```
73
what shape is a neural network
N by N matrix
74
how is information altered in neural networks
repeated flow through of information
75
mental states in neural networks
N-dimensional vectors
76
transcranial magnetic stimulation
2T current causes neurons to fire, inhibiting or creating behavior
77
how strong is the TMS current
twice the strength of the earth's magnetic field
78
single dissociation
lesion in structure A impairs function X but not function Y
79
double dissociation
lesion in structure A impairs function X but not function Y, lesion in structure B impairs function Y but not function X
80
Capgras delusion
person believes someone close is an imposter
81
how many Capgras people have head trauma
1/3
82
Freudian explanation of capgras
Oedipus complex surfaces after blow to the head. Rationalizes this by claiming his parents are imposters
83
Ramachandran explanation of capgras
temporal lobe allows person to recognize family. but lesions to amygdala connection prevent an emotional connection
84
further evidence in David case study of Capgras
recognized his parents on the phone. connection from auditory cortex to amygdala wasn't severed
85
2 main ideas of representation
1. localized representation
| 2. distributed representation
86
specificity encoding
2 different experiences happen in 2 different neurons
87
temporal coding
neurons don't differentiate experiences, speed of APs do
88
population coding
combination of neurons that fire determines experience
89
sparse coding
each item encoded by smaller amount of neurons, with stronger activation
90
temporal sparse coding
time period of small number of neurons
91
types of localized representation
1. specific (ie. individual neurons)
| 2. broad (ie. hemispheres)
92
grandmother cell
one cell per perception
93
feature detectors
different types of neurons detect different orientations at different intensities
94
who came up with the cognitive model of modularity
Fodor
95
domain specific modularity
distinct modules in the brain have different functions
96
fusiform face area
right side of brain in temporal lobe
| recognizes objects and faces
97
parahippocampal place area
creates a map of visual scenes
98
extrastriate body area
recognizes body and body parts
99
Broca's area
frontal lobe, left hemisphere
| speech production
100
Wernicke's area
left auditory cortex
| understanding written and spoken language
101
distributed representation
one experience has many features and can't be localized
102
brain weight
1.4 kg (2% of body)
103
brain energy use
25% of body
104
brain surface area
2000 cm squared
105
cortex thickness
2-5 mm
106
amount of Canadians with brain disease
10 million (1 in 3)
107
percent of brain that is water
75%
108
3 brains
1. hindbrain
2. midbrain
3. forbrain
109
4 lobes
occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
110
3 fissures
longitudinal, central, lateral
111
longitudinal fissure
between 2 hemispheres
112
central fissure
separates frontal and parietal lobes
113
lateral fissure
separates temporal lobe from rest of brain
114
how much brain do you need?
150 g
115
Bayesian probability
model to predict human movement
116
2 sources of information to make beliefs
1. sensory input
| 2. prior knowledge
