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Psychology 258 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of perception

A
  1. transduction
  2. sensation
  3. perception
  4. cognition
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2
Q

transduction

A

process of converting physical energy into neural impulses

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3
Q

sensation

A

bare awareness resulting from activation of a sense cell

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4
Q

perception

A

organize and identify stimuli

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5
Q

cognition

A

process of being aware and thinking about anything

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6
Q

what are the 2 functions of perception

A
  1. tell us what stuff does

2. tell us where stuff is

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7
Q

is perception constant

A

no, it is constantly changing

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8
Q

is perception immediate

A

no it is the end result of a process

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9
Q

is perception passive

A

no it is active and it allows us to interact with the world

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10
Q

luminance

A

amount of light that enters the eye

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11
Q

what 3 things enter the eye

A
  1. light source
  2. reflectance
  3. shadow
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12
Q

view point invariance

A

we perceive objects even though we look at them from different angles

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13
Q

size and distance illusion problem

A

a small image could be a small object or a big object far away

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14
Q

4 methods of dealing with difficult visual illusions

A
  1. taking advantage of regularities
  2. frames of reference
  3. shadows and shadings
  4. convergence and retinal display
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15
Q

types of regularities

A

physical and semantic

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16
Q

physical regularities

A

we know what objects are likely to be

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17
Q

semantic regularities

A

we use our knowledge of the world

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18
Q

convergence

A

brain keeps track of what muscle in the eye are doing

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19
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference between 2 eyes

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20
Q

visual space

A

everything that falls on the retina

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21
Q

path from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> LGN and superior colliculus

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22
Q

optic chiasm

A

point at which left visual field decussates to the right side of the brain

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23
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

relay station also containing the reticular activating system

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24
Q

reticular activating system

A

controls sleep-wake cycles

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25
superior colliculs
receives about 10% of information from eyes and controls eye movements
26
2 visual pathways
dorsal and ventral streams
27
who came up with the what/where hypothesis
Ungerleider and Mishkin
28
what pathway
ventral stream specializing in "what" something is
29
where pathway
dorsal stream specializing in "where" something is
30
issue with this theory
spatial information is needed to recognize an object. therefore knocking out the where pathway should make objects unrecognizable
31
who came up with the what/how hypothesis
Goodale and Milner
32
what stream in what/how pathway
associated with consciousness and awareness
33
how stream in what/how pathway
gives information on how to interact with objects
34
visual agnosia
inability to recognize objects
35
optic ataxia
problem with guiding your hand to grab something
36
what other evidence supports what/how pathway
fMRI imaging and steepness of hills
37
synaesthesia
condition in which activation of one sense automatically activates another
38
where does synaesthesia come from
synaptic pruning does not occur properly in young brains
39
what allows synaptic pruning to occur
apoptosis
40
blindsight
ability to visually identify objects even though the visual center has been damaged
41
what causes blindsight
a damaged "what" pathway with a functioning "how" pathway
42
bottom-up processing
putting together basic features to form perceptions
43
template matching theory
templates are copies of shapes in the memory and matching a template = recognizing an object
44
problem with template matching theory
variation in objects that we can still recognize (eg: fonts)
45
multiple trace memory model
every time you encounter something you compare it to every instance of seeing something similar
46
2 steps of multiple trace memory model
1. probe | 2. echo
47
probe
see something and compare it to similar things
48
echo
compare it to the average of every similar thing
49
who created the pandemonium model and when
Selfridge (1959)
50
pandemonium model
processes multiple types of information simultaneously to detect features
51
3 kinds of demons in this model
1. feature demons 2. cognitive demons 3. decision demons
52
feature demons
detects basic features of objects
53
cognitive demons
recognize letters
54
decision demons
make a final decision
55
what phenomenon does this model explain
tip of the tongue
56
who created the recognition by components model?
Biederman
57
recognition by components model
everything is composed of geometric components called geons
58
geons
geometric icons
59
evidence for recognition by components model
1. we can identify objects without texture, shading or color 2. more complex objects recognized faster (more geons) 3. intersections in geons are most important information
60
problems with recognition by components model
1. objects change as they move 2. we can determine info about people by looking at details in their face 3. upside down faces are harder to recognize than upside down objects
61
who created the ecological theory
Gibson
62
ecological theory
environment shapes perception
63
affordance
shape of something determines how we should interact with it
64
scatter reflection
different textures reflect light in different ways
65
transformation
change in information entering our eyes as we move
66
optic flow
change in an object's position as it moves past us
67
top-down processing
prior expectations influence perception
68
gestalt psychology
belief that the mind has to be studied as a whole
69
6 laws of gestalt
1. good contour 2. pragnanz 3. similarity 4. proximity 5. closed forms (closure) 6. common movement (fate)
70
pragnanz
similar shapes are grouped together
71
problems with gestalt
too simplistic and not always true

Psychology 258 (8 decks)

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