Reasoning

Question 1

reasoning

Answer 1

the process of drawing conclusions

Question 2

does reasoning involved making a choice

Answer 2

not necessarily

Question 3

2 types of reasoning

Answer 3

1. deductive

2. inductive

Question 4

2 methods of studying reasoning

Answer 4

1. Wason card sorting task

2. judging truth and judging validity

Question 5

deductive reasoning

Answer 5

drawing conclusions from a general rule to a specific case

Question 6

is deductive reasoning top-down or bottom-up

Answer 6

top-down

Question 7

what can deductive reasoning also be referred to as?

Answer 7

reductive - because you are reducing

Question 8

categorical syllogism

Answer 8

2 premises and 1 conclusion

Question 9

4 structures of categorical syllogism

Answer 9

1. universal affirmative
2. universal negative
3. particular affirmative
4. particular negative

Question 10

conditional syllogism

Answer 10

contains an antecedent and a consequent

Question 11

antecedent

Answer 11

proposition after the “if”

Question 12

consequent

Answer 12

proposition after the “then”

Question 13

4 possible results of conditional syllogism

Answer 13

1. affirming the antecedent (valid)
2. denying the consequent (valid)
3. affirming the consequent (invalid)
4. denying the antecedent (invalid)

Question 14

belief bias

Answer 14

tendency to think syllogism is valid if it is believable

Question 15

mental model

Answer 15

mental representation of a situation used in reasoning

Question 16

who first developed the mental model

Answer 16

Philip Johnson-Laird

Question 17

how do we reason with mental models?

Answer 17

if something is consistent with a mental model, we believe it to be true

Question 18

how does complexity effect mental models

Answer 18

the more complex a model is, the more difficult it is to reason

Question 19

3 properties of mental models

Answer 19

1. iconic
2. emergent consequences
3. parsimonious

Question 20

how are mental models iconic

Answer 20

relationship between parts in model, correspond to relationship between what is represented

Question 21

how do mental models have emergent consequences

Answer 21

you can get more out of a mental model than what you put into it

Question 22

how are mental models parsimonious

Answer 22

people try to make the simplest mental models possible

Question 23

inductive reasoning

Answer 23

drawing conclusions from specific examples

Question 24

what type of reasoning does science use?

Answer 24

inductive

Question 25

3 things that make a better argument

Answer 25

1. how representative are the observations 2. number of observations 3. quality of evidence

Question 26

what is a pro and con of logic

Answer 26

pro: good for practical problems con: bad for abstract problems

Question 27

who connected reasoning to evolution

Answer 27

Cosmides and Tooby

Question 28

how is reasoning connected to evolution

Answer 28

we reason a certain way because it served an advantage to our ancestors

Question 29

social exchange theory

Answer 29

social behavior is the result of exchanges

Question 30

how is social exchange theory related to reasoning

Answer 30

we have to detect when people are cheating us, this gives us inductive reasoning

Question 31

pragmatic reasoning schemas

Answer 31

innate mental programs that help us achieve our goals

Question 32

heuristics

Answer 32

shortcuts to solve problems

Question 33

availability heuristics

Answer 33

events that are more easily remembered, are judged more probable

Question 34

illusory correlations

Answer 34

it looks like there is correlation when none exists

Question 35

representative heuristic

Answer 35

if something looks like something, it must be that thing

Question 36

myside bias

Answer 36

we pay attention to anything that supports our own beliefs

Question 37

confirmation bias

Answer 37

we look for information that confirms our ideas

Question 38

base rate

Answer 38

how probable something is to begin with, without biases

Question 39

law of small numbers

Answer 39

mistaken belief that a small sample is representative of the population

Question 40

law of large numbers

Answer 40

larger the sample the closer it gets to represent the real population

Question 41

conjunction fallacy

Answer 41

assuming that specific conditions are more probable than single conditions

Question 42

regression towards the mean

Answer 42

if a variable is extreme in one measurement, the next measurement will be less extreme

Question 43

decision making

Answer 43

process of choosing what to do

Question 44

example of effects of recent past on decision making

Answer 44

people who have been winning tend to be more cautious

Question 45

expected utility theory

Answer 45

people make rational decisions when they have all the information

Question 46

utility

Answer 46

outcomes that meet goals

Question 47

expected emotions

Answer 47

how you think you'll feel in the future

Question 48

integral emotions

Answer 48

emotions associated with making the decision

Question 49

incidental emotions

Answer 49

emotions that have nothing to do with the decision

Question 50

3 types of emotions

Answer 50

1. expected emotions 2. integral emotions 3. incidental emotions

Question 51

opt-in vs opt-out procedures

Answer 51

people are less likely opt-in or opt-out regardless of the question

Question 52

status-quo bias

Answer 52

preference for the current state of affairs

Question 53

framing effect on risk-taking

Answer 53

when we word something in terms of gains, we're less likely to take risks

Question 54

effect of justifying decisions

Answer 54

if we can justify a decision to ourselves, it makes the decision easier to make

Question 55

example of mental categories and decision making

Answer 55

whether you classify an item as luxury or a gift, determines how likely you are to buy it

Question 56

omission bias

Answer 56

tendency to do nothing when faced with many options

Question 57

neuroeconomics

Answer 57

combination of economics, neuroscience, and psychology

Question 58

the ultimatum game

Answer 58

proposer, responder, $100, etc.

Question 59

how is the ultimatum game different when a computer is the proposer

Answer 59

people always accept the offer

Question 60

right anterior insula during the ultimatum

Answer 60

3X more active when rejecting a bad offer

Question 61

prefrontal cortex during ultimatum game

Answer 61

active regardless of whether it is accepted or rejeceted

Question 62

5 problems associated with prefrontal cortex damage

Answer 62

1. planning future actions 2. flexibility/perseveration 3. solving problems 4. understanding stories and making inferences 5. reasoning