Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

any and all processes involved in thinking

Question 2

cognoscere

Answer 2

“to know”, “to be aware of”

Question 3

what 5 functions do cognitive processes perform

Answer 3

1. transform information
2. reduce information
3. elaborate information
4. store and recover information
5. use information

Question 4

cognitive psychology

Answer 4

scientific study of any and all processes involving thinking

Question 5

3 assumptions made by cognitive psychologists

Answer 5

1. there are representations in the mind
2. the mind performs processes on these representations
3. these processes are isolated from each other

Question 6

is cognition an active or passive state?

Answer 6

active

Question 7

is cognition accurate?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

4 major themes of cognitive psychology

Answer 8

1. automatic vs. controlled processes
2. data-driven vs. conceptually-driven processing
3. how is information represented in the mind
4. metacognition

Question 9

how is cognitive science different than cognitive psychology

Answer 9

cognitive science includes other fields and includes cognitive psychology

Question 10

cognitive science

Answer 10

scientific study of the human mind

Question 11

Greek and Rome time period

Answer 11

3300 BCE - 330 AD

Question 12

what did Plato say about knowledge

Answer 12

it was innate

about recalling and remembering

Question 13

what did Aristotle say about knowledge

Answer 13

it is about observing and learning

Question 14

3 important Greek assumptions

Answer 14

1. world could be understood and predicted
2. humans are part of physical world
3. explanations of events in this world depend on other events in this world

Question 15

middle ages time period

Answer 15

300 - 1300

Question 16

who added to knowledge during the middle ages?

Answer 16

the Muslim world

Question 17

2 Muslim scientists

Answer 17

Ibn al-Haytham

Al-biruni

Question 18

Ibn al-Haytham

Answer 18

developed methodology for science

Question 19

Ibn al-Haytham’s 4 step methodology

Answer 19

1. explicitly state a problem
2. test through experimentation
3. analyze data using math
4. publish findings

Question 20

Al-biruni

Answer 20

recognized that instruments of measurement are limited and humans make mistakes

Question 21

what are Al-biruni’s concepts in their modern form?

Answer 21

experimental and experimenter error

Question 22

Renaissance time period

Answer 22

1300 - 1800

Question 23

which Greek assumptions were revived?

Answer 23

1. world could be understood and predicted and 3. explanations of events in this world depend on other events in this world

Question 24

3 Renaissance scientists

Answer 24

1. Descartes
2. Hume
3. Kant

Question 25

Descartes

Answer 25

nativism

Question 26

nativism

Answer 26

certain abilities/processes are hardwired at birth

Question 27

Hume

Answer 27

empiricism

Question 28

empiricism

Answer 28

we are born a blank slate but we are capable of learning

Question 29

Kant

Answer 29

reconciled nativism and empiricism

Question 30

Kant's theory

Answer 30

we are born with categories of knowledge and experience shapes these

Question 31

early empirical work time period

Answer 31

1800 - 1900

Question 32

early empirical cognitive scientists

Answer 32

1. Weber and Fechner 2. Donders 3. Ebbinghaus 4. Wundt 5. James

Question 33

Weber and Fechner

Answer 33

monitor perception by determining thresholds

Question 34

Donders

Answer 34

reaction time of a task compared to reaction time of a slightly more difficult task

Question 35

Ebbinghaus

Answer 35

graphed memory of a list over time between repetitions learning the list

Question 36

Wundt

Answer 36

developed first psychology lab

Question 37

what is Wundt considered to be

Answer 37

father of psychology

Question 38

James

Answer 38

started psychology lab in US

Question 39

behaviorism time period

Answer 39

1900 - 1950

Question 40

what did behaviorists believe about consciousness

Answer 40

consciousness could not be measured

Question 41

3 behaviorists

Answer 41

1. Pavlov 2. Watson 3. Skinner

Question 42

cognitive revolution time period

Answer 42

1950 - modern day

Question 43

who believed culture is important in memory

Answer 43

Bartlett

Question 44

Bartlett study

Answer 44

told Americans a story about Native Americans with a traditional Native American structure. More difficult to remember

Question 45

Piaget

Answer 45

children have a certain schema in order to learn

Question 46

Tolman

Answer 46

mice develop mental maps to find a piece of cheese

Question 47

when were digital computers invented

Answer 47

1940s

Question 48

why were computers significant to psychology

Answer 48

new metaphor to understanding the mind

Question 49

what methodology from computers was applied to the mind

Answer 49

flow chart methodology

Question 50

year of important artificial intelligence conference

Answer 50

1956

Question 51

2 guys at the conference

Answer 51

Newell and Simon

Question 52

what did Newell and Simon try to create

Answer 52

Logic Theorist

Question 53

Logic Theorist

Answer 53

computer program that could solve logic problems, modelling our own cognition

Question 54

Broadbent, year

Answer 54

1958, created flow chart of mind

Question 55

Cherry, year

Answer 55

1953, measured attention by looking at dichotic listening

Question 56

Miller, year

Answer 56

1956, studied memory and showed its limits

Question 57

Chomsky, year

Answer 57

1957, destroyed any behavioral explanation of language

Question 58

Neisse, year

Answer 58

published first cognitive psych textbook

Question 59

information processing theory

Answer 59

coordinated operation of active mental processes within a multicomponent memory system

Question 60

what did information processing theory suggest?

Answer 60

our memories process info like a computer

Question 61

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (draw it)

Answer 61

represented information processing theory with a specific flowchart (refer to notes for diagram)

Question 62

4 methods of measuring thinking

Answer 62

1. produced response 2. reaction time 3. accuracy 4. transfer of training

Question 63

produced response

Answer 63

ask someone a question and observe what they do or don't say

Question 64

model

Answer 64

representation containing the essential structure of some object or event in the real world

Question 65

3 properties of symbolic models

Answer 65

1. models are incomplete 2. models should be easy to change 3. models contain parameters that can be changed

Question 66

3 criticisms of cognitive psychology

Answer 66

1. lacks ecological validity 2. fragmented 3. artificial

Question 67

lacks ecological validity

Answer 67

cog psych is studied in an artificial environment

Question 68

fragmented

Answer 68

complex cognitions are divided and studied separately

Question 69

artificial

Answer 69

studies often performed on 1st year uni students

Question 70

4 future things in cog psych

Answer 70

1. cognitive neuroscience 2. probability theory 3. social dimensions 4. embodiment

Question 71

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 71

new technology emerging to image the brain

Question 72

probability theory

Answer 72

quantifying behaviour in a probabilistic way

Question 73

social dimensions

Answer 73

research on how social situations and culture effect cognitive processes

Question 74

embodiment

Answer 74

must understand body to understand cognition

Question 75

marble experiment on memory

Answer 75

people talk about negative memories when moving marbles down. positive when moving marbles up