Autonomic and somatic nervous system

Question 1

motor (efferent) nervous system can be split into

Answer 1

somatic- voluntary
autonomic- involuntary (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Question 2

somatic nerves

Answer 2

single nerve to skeletal muscle

Question 3

autonomic nerves

Answer 3

multiple nerves with ganglions

to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and GI neurons

Question 4

ANS: preganglionic fibres myelin

Answer 4

small myelinated

Question 5

ANS: postganglionic fibres myelin

Answer 5

unmyelinated

Question 6

somatic nervous system NMJ structure

Answer 6

• specialised
• ionotropic receptors
• always excites
• nicotinic

Question 7

autonomic nervous system NMJ structure

Answer 7

• less specialised
• metabotropic receptors- G protein coupled
• can excite or inhibit

Question 8

ANS: sympathetic spine regions

Answer 8

thoracic lumbar

(sympathetic- in the middle of the action)

Question 9

ANS: parasympathetic spine regions

Answer 9

cranial sacral

Question 10

ANS: sympathetic ganglion size

Answer 10

short pre

long post

(need longest to be close to action)

Question 11

ANS: parasympathetic ganglion size

Answer 11

long pre

short post

(can be chilled to begin with)

Question 12

sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic release ___ which acts on ______ receptors

Answer 12

ACh

nicotinic cholinergic

Question 13

parasympathetic post ganglionic fibres release ___ which works on ___

Answer 13

ACh

muscarinic

(only a short distance between pre and post ganglion so keeps using ACh)

Question 14

sympathetic postganglionic uses ___ and works on ___

Answer 14

noradrenalin

alpha or beta adrenergic receptors

(adrenalin as sympathetic- fighting something)

Question 15

how does sympathetic postganglionic cells in adrenal medulla differ from rest

Answer 15

they directly release adrenaline or noradrenaline into the blood to work on alpha/beta receptors

(instead of nerves going to receptors itself)

Question 16

sympathetic system effects on the eye

Answer 16

activates alpha 1 receptors on radial muscle of iris

contracts making pupil larger

activates beta 2 receptors on ciliary muscle around lens

relaxes eye to focus farther away

Question 17

parasympathetic system effects on the eye

Answer 17

• muscarinic receptors on sphincter muscle on iris

contract muscle- smaller pupil

• muscarinic receptor on ciliary muscle

contracts making eye focus close up

Question 18

sympathetic system effects on the heart

Answer 18

beta 1 receptors makes pacemaker cells increase heart rate

beta 1 receptors make myocytes increase contraction strength

(heart beats- so uses “beata” 1)

Question 19

parasympathetic system effects on the heart

Answer 19

muscarinic receptors make pacemaker cells lower heart rate

little effect on myocytes

Question 20

sympathetic system effects on the lung

Answer 20

beta 2 receptors make smooth muscle dilate

Question 21

parasympathetic system effects on the lung

Answer 21

muscarinic receptors make smooth muscle contract

Question 22

a beta 1 antagonist will

Answer 22

decrease heart rate

Question 23

sympathetic system effects on blood vessels

Answer 23

alpha 1 receptors in contracts smooth muscle- e.g in digestive system

beta 2 receptors relax smooth muscle- e.g in skeletal muscle

Question 24

parasympathetic system effects on blood vessels

Answer 24

usually no effects

Question 25

sympathetic system effects on salivary glands

Answer 25

**beta** receptors make _thick secretions rich in enzymes_

Question 26

parasympathetic system effects on salivary glands

Answer 26

**muscarinic** receptors make more _watery saliva_

Question 27

sympathetic system effects on the bladder

Answer 27

**beta 2** _relaxes smooth muscle_ reducing pressure **alpha 1** c_ontracts sphincter_ stopping urination

Question 28

parasympathetic system effects on the bladder

Answer 28

**muscarinic** _contracts smooth muscle_ increasing pressure **muscarinic** _relaxes sphincter_

Question 29

sympathetic system effects on the reproductive tract

Answer 29

**alpha 1** receptors _contract urethra causing ejaculation_

Question 30

parasympathetic system effects on the reproductive tract

Answer 30

**muscarinic** _relaxes smooth muscle on corpus cavernosum- causes erection_

Question 31

what controls all this

Answer 31

autonomic reflexes- e.g baroreceptor reflex hypothalamus

Question 32

baroreceptor reflex

Answer 32

baroreceptors detect blood pressure coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to vary: HR, strength of contraction and constriction of blood vessels accordingly

Question 33

alpha receptors tend to

Answer 33

contract

Question 34

beta receptors tend to

Answer 34

relax

Question 35

organ that gets 2 different types of antagonistic actions

Answer 35

eye

Question 36

response that uses dual innervation with non antagonistic actions

Answer 36

salivary glands- both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulate something

Question 37

body part that uses dual innervation with a complimentary effect

Answer 37

reproductive tract