immunology

Question 1

characteristics of the innate immune system

Answer 1

can tell the difference between human cells and pathogens

fast and immediate

no memory- will make the same response each time

Question 2

characteristics of the adaptive immune system

Answer 2

can tell the difference between different pathogens

slower- a few days

can remember pathogens and responses

Question 3

Innate immune system: cellular components

Answer 3

phagocytes

mast cells (and eosinophils)

basophils

Question 4

Innate immune system: humoral components

Answer 4

compliment system

cytokines

Question 5

innate cellular: 2 types of phagocytes

Answer 5

neutrophils- granules filled with peroxidases

phagocytes- eat pathogens and present their antigen to the adaptive immunity

Question 6

Innate cellular immune system: eosinophils, mast cells and basophils main function

Answer 6

combat parasitic infections

are granulated

Question 7

Innate cellular immune system: mast cell problems

Answer 7

cause allergies and asthma by releasing histamines

Question 8

Innate immune system: basophils

Answer 8

have no proven function but found in parasitic infection

contain inflammatory mediator granules

Question 9

innate humoral immune system: cytokines

Answer 9

proteins secreted for communication between other cells or same cell

they bind to receptors and cause a signalling pathway in the cell

Question 10

Innate humoral immune system: compliment system

Answer 10

a cascade pathway of proteins that:

• increase blood flow + attract other immune cells
• enhance phagocytosis- opsonization
• direct lysis- membrane attack complex makes a whole in membrane

Question 11

Adaptive immunity is made of

Answer 11

2 types of Lymphocytes:

• killer or helper T cells
  
  • B lymphocytes- antibodies

Question 12

adaptive immunity: killer T cells

receptor type and MHC type

Answer 12

(also known as cytotoxic)

receptor CD8+

MHC1

Question 13

adaptive immune system: how to killer T cells destroy pathogens

Answer 13

it binds to cells presenting MHC1

and releases granules of perforin enzymes

infected cells are destroyed by holes

Question 14

adaptive immune system: helper T cells

function

receptor type and MHC type

Answer 14

helps B lymphocytes

receptor CD4+

MHC II

Question 15

adaptive immune system: where is MHC I found

Answer 15

on most cells with a nucleus, which presents it when infected

so killer T cells get triggered

Question 16

adaptive immune system: when is MHC II found

Answer 16

on cells with antigen presenting jobs- like macrophages

after eating its MHCII that gets presented

(although macrophages can present both MHCI and MHCII)

Question 17

adaptive immune system: Th 1 T cells help

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

adaptive immune system: TH2 cells help

Answer 18

eosinophils

Question 19

adaptive immune system: Th17 cells help

Answer 19

neutrophils

Question 20

adaptive immune system: Tth cells help

Answer 20

B cells

Question 21

adaptive immune system B cells: after being activated by an antigen on it’s receptor, B cells either:

Answer 21

make a clone of itself- memory cells

make plasma cells- more antibodies

Question 22

adaptive immune system B cells: where do antigens come from on pathogens

Answer 22

leaked molecules

spike proteins

general surface proteins

Question 23

adaptive immune system B cells: what does IgG do

Answer 23

main type of antibody

protects body from viral, bacterial and fungal infections

Question 24

adaptive immune system B cells: what does IgM do

Answer 24

first class of immunoglobulins produced

Question 25

**adaptive** immune system B cells: what does IgA do

Answer 25

protects mucosal surfaces resistant to stomach acid

Question 26

**adaptive** immune system B cells: what does IgE do

Answer 26

defends against parasites causes allergies- mast cell related

Question 27

**adaptive** immune system B cells: what does IgD do

Answer 27

unknown in B cells it signals them to be activated

Question 28

**adaptive** immune system B cells: 3 functions of antibodies

Answer 28

naturalisation- prevent pathogen from attaching to cells opsonisation- helps make macrophages (makes cells more recognisable) compliment system- activates classical pathway

Question 29

**adaptive** immune system B cells: what immunoglobulin does naturalisation

Answer 29

IgA- happens mostly in gastro and resp

Question 30

primary lymphatic organs

Answer 30

bone marrow and thymus

Question 31

secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 31

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

Question 32

function of lymphatic system

Answer 32

drainage of tissue absorption and transport of fatty acids immunity

Question 33

what happens in primary lymph organs

Answer 33

produce and mature RBC's

Question 34

what happens in secondary lymph organs

Answer 34

lymphocytes get activated

Question 35

the spleen is made up of

Answer 35

red pulp and white pulp

Question 36

what does spleens red pulp do

Answer 36

filters blood of: damaged RBC microorganisms opsonized microbes

Question 37

where are lymphocytes contained

Answer 37

spleens white pulp

Question 38

where are both lymphocytes produced

Answer 38

bone marrow

Question 39

where do lymphocytes mature

Answer 39

T cell in thymus B cell in bone marrow

Question 40

where are lymphocytes activated

Answer 40

secondary lymph organs