B&L Unit 1

Question 1

Ensures that each B cell expresses a unique antibody. Only one parental copy of the allele is expressed and other is silenced. Diploid organisms inherit one copy from each parent.

Answer 1

Allelic Exclusion

Question 2

Mature B cell starts by making IgM & IgD membrane-bound antibodies. Later it may switch to IgG, IgE, or IgA. The V domain stays the same and the same but C region of heavy chain changes. Changes are irreversible.

Answer 2

Heavy Chain Class Switching

Question 3

Immunity resulting from utilizing products of someone else’s immune system. System is designed by mother nature. Ex. newborn who is breast feeding.

Answer 3

Natural, Passive Immunity

Question 4

Immunity results from real-life exposure to pathogen. Longest lasting type of immunity.

Answer 4

Natural, Active Immunity

Question 5

Immunity resulting from the use of immune serum or purified antibodies to protect a patient at risk from a particular disease.

Answer 5

Artificial, Passive Immunity

Question 6

Immunity resulting from intentional immunization with vaccines, toxoids, or other antigenic preparations.

Answer 6

Artificial, Active Immunity

Question 7

dsRNA. Molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. They are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals.

Answer 7

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

Question 8

Primary cell type in germinal center of lymph node follicle. Clonal deletions of these developing cells occur in the bone marrow. After antigen stimulation, somatic hypermutation in these cells causes even greater receptor diversity. Produces antibodies.

Answer 8

B Cell

Question 9

10 polypeptide chains. Major isotype in milk. Most important antibody in GI tract.

Answer 9

IgA

Question 10

Mediates warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Activates complement. Crosses placenta to provide protection to fetus. Opsonizes targets for removal by phagocytes. Neutralizes viruses. Half life is 3 weeks.

Answer 10

IgG

Question 11

Mediates cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Answer 11

IgM

Question 12

Involved in allergic reaction and parasite reaction. Mast cells have receptors for this antibody’s Fc.

Answer 12

IgE

Question 13

Part of antibody molecules that contacts the antigenic determinant.

Answer 13

Hypervariable Region

Question 14

Allele of the antibody chains found in an individual.

Answer 14

Allotype

Question 15

Cells that have antigen-specific receptors. Pokeweed mitogen stimulates cellular division.

Answer 15

T & B Lymphocytes

Question 16

Lyses bacteria. Opsonizes bacteria. Attracts phagocytic cells. Can be activated in absence of antibody.

Answer 16

Complement

Question 17

Immunity of this cell type involves: antigen, angry macrophages, inducer T cells (Th1), and secretion of lymphokines. May contain CD4 or CD8 proteins.

Answer 17

T Cells

Question 18

Chemotactic for PMNs.

Answer 18

C5a, Leukotriene B4, IL8, bacterial product

Question 19

Part of membrane attack complex that polymerizes in the membrane to form a transmembrane channel.

Answer 19

C9

Question 20

Least abundant type of white blood cell in peripheral blood. 0.5% - 1% normal differential.

Answer 20

Basophil

Question 21

Does not change when B cell switches from making IgM to IgG antibodies.

Answer 21

Light Chain

Question 22

40% to 60% normal differential.

Answer 22

Neutrophils

Question 23

20% to 40% normal differential.

Answer 23

Lymphocytes

Question 24

2% to 8% normal differential.

Answer 24

Monocytes

Question 25

1% to 4% normal differential.

Answer 25

Eosinophils

Question 26

Young neutrophil. 0% to 3% normal differential.

Answer 26

Bands

Question 27

Order of white blood cell differential percentages.

Answer 27

band < basophil < eosinophil < monocyte < lymphatic < neutrophil

Question 28

Central lymphoid organs in humans.

Answer 28

Bone Marrow & Thymus

Question 29

In order, gene segments of immunoglobulin heavy chain mRNA.

Answer 29

V, D, J, Constant

Question 30

Acts as bridge between innate and adaptive immune system. Phagocyte. Antigen-presenting cell.

Answer 30

Dendritic Cell

Question 31

Volume % of erythrocytes in whole blood.

Answer 31

Hematocrit

Question 32

Loss of this protein leads to inc. reticulocyte index due to inc. spherocytosis.

Answer 32

Spectrin Defect (protein in cytoskeleton)

Question 33

Dec. serum iron, dec. ferritin, dec. % saturation, inc. total iron binding capacity (TIBC).

Answer 33

Iron Deficiency

Question 34

Average hemoglobin per RBC.

Answer 34

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

Question 35

Description of dec. mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

Answer 35

Hypochromic

Question 36

Description of inc. mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

Answer 36

Hyperchromic

Question 37

Cells in bone marrow from which platelets are derived.

Answer 37

Megakaryocytes

Question 38

Hemoglobin type that contains 4 beta hemoglobin genes.

Answer 38

Hemoglobin H

Question 39

Inc. serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inc. serum indirect bilirubin, inc. urine hemoglobin, inc. reticulocyte count.

Answer 39

Hemolysis

Question 40

= hematocrit / RBC count

Answer 40

MCV

Question 41

= 100 - age

Answer 41

Bone Marrow Cellularity

Question 42

Dec. Hgb, dec. MCV, dec. MCH.

Answer 42

Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia

Question 43

Description of dec. MCV

Answer 43

Microcytic

Question 44

Description of inc. MCV

Answer 44

Macrocytic

Question 45

Manifestations include: hand-foot syndrome, aplastic crisis, anemia, splenic sequestration

Answer 45

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 46

Generally only causes disease in setting of diabetes. Leads to fungal infections.

Answer 46

Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase

Question 47

Diagnostic cycle of 21 +/- 4 days

Answer 47

Cyclic Neutropenia

Question 48

Medicine commonly used in severe congenital neutropenia.

Answer 48

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

Question 49

Region on antibody that binds to antigens. It is composed of one constant and one variable domain of each of the heavy and the light chain.

Answer 49

Fragment Antigen Binding Region (Fab)

Question 50

When enzyme pepsin cleaves Fab at hinge region, which two fragments are created?

Answer 50

F(ab)2 and Fragment Crystallizable Region (Fc)

Question 51

Process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated after they have expressed receptors for self antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes.

Answer 51

Clonal Deletion

Question 52

Cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (eg. microbes), as seen during class switching.

Answer 52

Hypermutation

Question 53

Present on every nucleated cell in human body. Presents epitopes of proteins made by cell to cytotoxic T cells. "Look what I've made!"

Answer 53

Major Histocompatability Complex 1 (MHC1)

Question 54

Helper T Cells bind to this on antigen presenting cells (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells). "Look what I've eaten!" Presents epitope of antigen that has been digested.

Answer 54

Major Histocompatability Complex 2 (MHC2)

Question 55

Protein on helper T cells that binds MCH 2.

Answer 55

CD4

Question 56

Protein on Cytotoxic T Cells that binds to MCH 1. Kills infected cells.

Answer 56

CD8