B2

Question 1

What’s an autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that makes it own food from inorganic substances

Question 2

What’s an heterotroph

Answer 2

an organism that cannot make its own food and eats food and energy by taking in organic substances.

Question 3

What troph is a plant

Answer 3

an autrotroph it makes its own food from inorganic substances

Question 4

What process is required for all organisms to stay alive

Answer 4

nutrition the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life

Question 5

What is nutrition

Answer 5

the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life

Question 6

What is photosynthesis

Answer 6

the process of converting energy from light into carbohydrates for nutrition for plants

Question 7

Adaptations for photosynthesis by plants

Answer 7

thin leaf blades and large surface area. Thin leaf blades can maximise the penetration of light so more chloroplasts can be exposed to light energy. Large surface area maximises amount of light absorption.

Question 8

Leaf section diagram from top to bottom

Answer 8

There’s the waxy cuticle, upper eperdermis, then the palisade mesophyls, the spongy mesophyl layer, inside the spongy mesophyl layer there’s the vasucular bundle containing the xylem and phloem, and under the spongy mesophyl layer is the lower eperdermis which has the stomata and guard cells.

Question 9

How does the upper eperdermis adapt leaves for photosynthesis

Answer 9

Thin cuticle: Reduces light reflection and allows gas exchange
Compact cells: Minimizes space, allowing light to reach photosynthetic cells

Question 10

How does the waxy cuticle adapt leaves for photosynthesis

Answer 10

It decreases water loss to maintain humidity of plant and transparent so light can reach photosynethetic cells

Question 11

How does the palisade mesophyl adapt leaves for photosynthesis

Answer 11

Contains main chloroplasts for maximum light absorption and cells are tightly packed next to each other

Question 12

How does the spongy mesophyl layer adapt leaves for photosynthesis

Answer 12

It has large air spaces that allows diffusions of gases into the photosynthetic leaves such as co2

Question 13

How does vascular bundle adapt leaves for photosynthesis

Answer 13

it provides a xylem and phloem
Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to photosynthetic cells
Phloem: Transports sugars and organic compounds produced by photosynthesis

Question 14

How does Lower eperdermis adapt leaves for photosynthesis

Answer 14

Stomata: Regulates CO2 entry for photosynthesis and water loss
Guard cells: Controls stomatal opening and closing

Question 15

What does a stomata let in and out o fthe leaf

Answer 15

It lets in carbon dioxide and water vapour and oxygen produced out of the plant

Question 16

What is a stomata

Answer 16

a opening in surfaces of plants which allow gases in or out of the plant.

Question 17

What do guard cells do to stomata

Answer 17

it widens or reduces the opening and controls the gas exchagne

Question 18

What is necessary for photosynthesis

Answer 18

Carbon dioxide

Question 19

What is used in respiration for plants

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

What part of the plant can photosynthesize

Answer 20

anything green as it contains a pigment chlorophyll that traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy

Question 21

What are the raw materials of photosynthesis (required for photosynthesis to take place)

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 22

How does water enter the leaf

Answer 22

osmosis through the soil

Question 23

How does carbon dioxide enter the plant

Answer 23

diffusion in the leaves

Question 24

What is the prouduct of photosynthesis

Answer 24

glucose also oxygen which diffuses out of the stomata in to the atmosphere.

Question 25

What is the energy source for photosynthesis to take place

Answer 25

light energy from the sun

Question 26

Word equation of photosynthesis

Answer 26

Carbon dioxide and water --> Oxygen and glucore

Question 27

Balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

Answer 27

6CO^2+H^2O --->C^6H^12O^6+6O^2

Question 28

What can glucose be turned into or used for

Answer 28

Starch as a energy store Cellulose to build cell walls Used in respiration to provide energy Sucrose for transport in the phloem this way it doesn't impact water concentration gradients Nectar to attract insects for pollination thus reproduction

Question 29

How can you tell if a plant has been photosynthesizing?

Answer 29

test it for starch presence

Question 30

How to test for starch presence in a leaf

Answer 30

1)You must boil it to soften which breaks down the waxy cuticle 2) Ethanol is added to remove the color 3) Leaf is washed to remove the ethanol 4) Then starch test you put the leaf in iodine solution if there's dark blue the leaves have been photosynthesizing

Question 31

What happens if there's no light ot motr light

Answer 31

no photosynthesis no starch no glucose, faster photosynthesis

Question 32

What happens if a place is exposed to more carbon dioxide

Answer 32

it has more photosynthesis thus more glucose produced.

Question 33

What happens if a plant is placed at a higher temperature

Answer 33

it will increase the photosynthetic rate

Question 34

In what lighting is photosynthesis the fastest at

Answer 34

red and blue lighting

Question 35

IN what lighting is photosynthesis the slowest at

Answer 35

green lgihting

Question 36

What affect does light source have on photosynthesis

Answer 36

the further the light source is from the plant the slower the rate of photosynthesis

Question 37

What is hydrogencarbonate indicator

Answer 37

it is used to measure carbon dioxide levels in solutions it becomes more or yellow in higher levels of CO^2 and red to deep purple as lower levels of CO^2

Question 38

What minerals are required by plants

Answer 38

Nitrates, magnesium, phosphates, and potassium

Question 39

Why is nitrates required by plants

Answer 39

as they combine with glucose to make amino acids whcih make protiens. If there's not enough nitrates, the growth of the plant will become stunted, a weak stem, and death

Question 40

Why is Magnesium required by plant

Answer 40

as they form parts of the chlorophyl molecule if it isn't suffiecient plants will turn yellow and can't photosynthesize effectively leading to poor growth

Question 41

Why is potassium required by plants

Answer 41

it must be present for photosynthesis and respiration without there's would be sdiscolored leaves and poor flower blossoms

Question 42

Why is phosphate required by plants

Answer 42

it's a component of DNA and cell membranes with out it there's poor root growth and leaves aren't green

Question 43

2 substances which need to move from the roots to the leaf

Answer 43

water and mineral ions

Question 44

How is water and mineral ions transported from the roots to the leaf

Answer 44

by the xylem

Question 45

What two substances are created in the leaf that need to be transported elsewhere

Answer 45

glucose and amino acids

Question 46

What is the path of mineral ions as they enter a leaf

Answer 46

they enter the root hair cell, then root cortex cell, xylem, up the root, and then transpires out of the leaf

Question 47

How to identify xylem and phloem

Answer 47

xylem is always thicker than phloem

Question 48

What adaption does root hair cells have

Answer 48

they have a large surface area of root hairs which increase their uptake of water and mineral ions

Question 49

What's osmosis

Answer 49

the movement of water across a semi-permerable membrane from an area of low to high water potential

Question 50

How much of the water plants absorb are used in photosyntheis

Answer 50

10%

Question 51

What is transpiration

Answer 51

loss of water vapour from plants

Question 52

What functions does water have in cells

Answer 52

for turgor, photosynthesis, but 90% leaves via. stomata it evaporates in the air spaces of the spongy mesophyl exiting as a gas

Question 53

What factors affect transpirtation

Answer 53

Humidity increases transpiration dereases Wind speed increases transpirtation incresases Temperature increases transpiration increases Light intensity increases transpirtation icnreases

Question 54

What does a potometer measure

Answer 54

upatake of water by a shoot of plant

Question 54

What theory is a potometer based on

Answer 54

a transpiration system in plants, as once the water transpires it's replaced by the water uptake so it's used to measure transpiration

Question 54

How to read a potometer

Answer 54

Zero the potometer Ensure the bubble is at the starting point Start a timer Note the distance the bubble travels Calculate transpiration rate Use formula: Transpiration rate (mm/hr) = Distance traveled (mm) / Time (hr)

Question 54

What is wilting

Answer 54

when plants lose water from cells, this leads to plants becoming not upright

Question 55

Causes of wilting

Answer 55

reduction in water in plant leading to low turgor and vacuole shrinks leading to flaccid and soft plant cells

Question 55

In the dark can plants photosynthesize

Answer 55

no, bc. without light energy there's no energy for a reaction whcih is photosynthesis to occur

Question 56

What is translocation

Answer 56

Movement of sucrose and amino acids in the phloem from a source to a sink where it's produced and then where it's utilized

Question 57

Examples of sources in plants

Answer 57

Leaves,

Question 58

Examples of sinks in plants

Answer 58

Growing shoots, leaves