B5

Question 1

what is double circulation

Answer 1

blood passes through the heart twice (4 chambers) and has pulmonary and systemic circuit

Question 1

what is single circulation?

Answer 1

single path to circulate to whole body:
blood travels from 2 chambered heart –> gill capillaries –> rest of body –> heart

Question 2

what are the advantages of a double circulation

Answer 2

atria receive low pressure blood, ventricles pump at high pressure

Question 3

what are the blood vessels

Answer 3

veins, capillaries, arteries

Question 4

what is the valve between the right atrium and ventricle called

Answer 4

tricuspid valve

Question 5

what is the valve at the pulmonary artery called

Answer 5

pulmonary valve

Question 6

what is the valve at the aorta called

Answer 6

aortic valve

Question 7

what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called

Answer 7

bicuspid/mitral valve

Question 8

how is heart activity monitored

Answer 8

ECG (electrocardiogram), pulse rate, listen to sound of valves closing

Question 9

what is coronary heart disease

Answer 9

narrowing of arteries supplying blood to heart, caused by fatty deposits on inside walls

Question 10

what are risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 10

diet, lack of exercise, stress, age, sex, genetic predisposition, smoking

Question 11

what are the phases of the heart contracting

Answer 11

atrial systole, ventricular diastole –> atrial diastole, ventricular systole –> cardiac diastole

Question 11

explain atrial systole and ventricular diastole

Answer 11

atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles, which are relaxed to receive blood

Question 12

explain cardiac diastole

Answer 12

all chambers relax to allow blood to flow into heart

Question 12

explain atrial diastole and ventricular systole

Answer 12

after atria relax, ventricles contract to push blood out of heart

Question 13

what are the adaptations of arteries

Answer 13

have narrow lumen and thick muscular wall to transport blood away from the heart under high pressure

Question 14

what are the adaptations of veins

Answer 14

have wide lumen and thin walls to transport blood to heart under low pressure. valves to prevent back flow

Question 15

what are the adaptations of capillaries

Answer 15

tiny lumen and thin walls to allow gaseous exchange

Question 16

what are the components of blood

Answer 16

red blood cells, white blood cells (lymphocytes and phagocytes), platelets, plasma

Question 17

what is the function of red blood cells

Answer 17

transports oxygen, haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

Question 18

what is the function of platelets

Answer 18

clotting blood to prevent entry of pathogens and prevent blood loss

Question 19

what are platelets made of

Answer 19

cell fragments

Question 20

what is the function of plasma

Answer 20

transport blood cells, ions, nutrients, hormones, urea, co2

Question 21

what are the types of white blood cells

Answer 21

lymphocytes and phagocytes

Question 22

what is the function of white blood cells

Answer 22

fight infection by phagocytosis and antibody production

Question 23

what is a pathogen

Answer 23

microorganisms that can cause disease

Question 24

how are pathogens transmitted

Answer 24

direct: bodily fluids indirect: food, animals, water, air

Question 25

what is a transmissible disease

Answer 25

disease in which pathogen can be passed from one host to another

Question 26

what are the body's defences against pathogens

Answer 26

mechanical: skin (sweat is acidic), hair, cilia chemical: stomach acid, mucus

Question 27

describe the actions of phagocytes

Answer 27

- phagocyte uses receptors in cell membrane to identify pathogen as foreign - membrane of phagocyte change shape to surround pathogen, take into wbc - pathogen in phagocyte surrounded by membrane called phagosome - phagocyte adds digestive enzymes (from lysosomes) to phagosome, destroy pathogen by breaking up into small pieces - broken pieces of pathogen used by cell or released

Question 28

how to control spread of disease

Answer 28

treat water supply and sewage, hygienic food prep, waste disposal, kill vectors, personal hyegiene

Question 29

what are the features of viruses

Answer 29

protein coat, genetic material

Question 30

what are memory cells

Answer 30

type of lymphocyte, remain in blood after pathogens in infection have been destroyed. recognise pathogens that infect after first infection

Question 31

what is active immunity

Answer 31

defence against pathogen by antibody production in body

Question 32

what is passive immunity

Answer 32

receive antibodies from external source

Question 33

how is active immunity gained

Answer 33

infection by pathogen or vaccination

Question 34

what is the process of vaccination

Answer 34

- weakened pathogens/their antigens put into body - antigens stimulate immune response by lymphocytes, produce antibodies - memory cells produced, give long-term immunity

Question 35

how do vaccines prevent spread of disease

Answer 35

prevent pathogens that cause disease and spread between people

Question 36

what are antibodies

Answer 36

proteins produced by lymphocytes

Question 37

features of antibodies

Answer 37

antibodies specific to just one antigen (pathogen), complementary shape

Question 38

how do antibodies work

Answer 38

bind to antigen, - so phagocyte recognise - reduce mobility - stick many pathogens tg - cause pathogen cell wall to burst, killing them - block from reaching cells of body