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year 10 and 11 > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

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2
Q

Definition of mitochondria

A

Convert glucose and oxygen into energy in a process called respiration

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3
Q

Definition of nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell. Contains chromosomes (which have genes in them)

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4
Q

Definition of vacuole

A

Filled with water and dissolved chemicals (cell sap). Stores minerals

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5
Q

Definition of cytoplasm

A

Part of the cell where all the chemical reactions take place

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6
Q

Definition of cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell and maintains the shape of the plant. Made of cellulose

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7
Q

Definition of cell membrane

A

The skin surrounding the cell. Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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8
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

Spreading of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration. Passive(no additional energy needed)

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9
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A
  • concentration gradient-higher=faster diffusion
  • surface area-larger SA: volume ratio=faster diffusion
  • diffusion pathway-smaller diffusion pathway=faster diffusion
  • temperature -higher=more kinetic energy=faster diffusion
  • size of particle-smaller=faster diffusion
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10
Q

Definition of a cell

A

The smallest structured and functional unit of an organism

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11
Q

Definition of a tissue

A

A group of a specialised cells al carrying out the same function

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12
Q

Definition of organ

A

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a specific function

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13
Q

What does the palisade layer contain

A

Contains the most chloroplasts as it receives the most light

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14
Q

What does the lower epidermis do and contain

A

Has holes called stomata (controlled by guard cells). These allow has exchange

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15
Q

Veins…

A

Carry water and nutrients from roots to the leaf cells and carry glucose away

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16
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

6CO2+6H2O—> C6H12O6+6O2

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17
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide concentration

Temperature

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18
Q

Aerobic Respiration reaction

A

Needs CO2 to happen in the cells mitochondria when glucose reacts with O2 and provides energy

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19
Q

Aerobic Respiration reaction equation

A

Glucose +oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + (energy)

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20
Q

Anaerobic Respiration reaction

A

Glucose—> lactic acid + (energy)

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21
Q

Why do living organisms require energy?

A

Building large molecules from smaller ones

Muscle contractions

Controlling body temperature

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22
Q

Definition of ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids

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23
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

If you use anaerobic respiration to provide energy then the muscles cells break down glucose to lactic acid.

Lowers pH of muscle tissue

Breathing needs to increase so you can use some of the extra oxygen to oxidise the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. This is repaying oxygen debt

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24
Q

What is muscle fatigue

A

If muscles are subjected to long periods of vigorous activity they become fatigued

Muscle fatigue happens if insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles they use anaerobic respiration to obtain energy

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25
Definition of biodiversity
Number of living different organisms in an area
26
Definition of niche
The part of a habitat that an animal is adapted to
27
Definition of sampling
Taking measurements at several points to allow us to make assumptions of the area as a whole
28
Definition of distribution
Where an organism can be found
29
Random sampling is...
Used to eliminate bias in collecting data
30
Systematic sampling...
Is when samples are taken at regular intervals within a set sampling area
31
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction. Is a protein Each enzyme is specific to a substrate
32
Optimum temperatures
Different enzymes have various optimum temperatures
33
What is the lock and key theory?
In the same way that a key fits into a lock, so a substrate is thought to fit into an enzymes active site. The enzyme is the lock and the reactant is the key. Enzyme + reactant enzyme reactant complex enzyme + products
34
What is denaturing
When the active site irreversibly changes shape
35
What does the mouth do in the digestive system?
Mechanical Uses amylase (to begin chemical digestion) to lubricate food to make it easy to swallow
36
What does the oesophagus do in the digestive system?
Tube takes food to the stomach. Muscles push the food along the gut in a wave called PERISTALSIS
37
What does the stomach do in the digestive system?
Secretes gastric juice: Contains hydrochloride acid which -kills germs -makes the right pH for enzymes to work Pepsin starts protein digestion and sphincters shut off stomach whilst being churned
38
What does the small intestine do in the digestive system?
Receives bile from liver - mechanical (fat digestion) Lipase, fats into glycerol (lipids) Amylase, starch (+carbohydrase) info glucose Propase, proteins (+protease) into amino acids
39
What does the large intestine do in the digestive system?
Absorbs 90%of the water | Faeces made up of mainly cellulose
40
Amylase
Breaks down starch into sugar molecules Does this is in the mouth and small intestine Made in salivary glands and pan crease and small intestine
41
Protease
Breaks down protein into amino acids Does this in the stomach and small intestine Made in the stomach pancreas and small intestine
42
Lipase
Breaks down lipids (fat molecules) into fatty acid glycerol Does this in the small intestine Made in pancreas and small intestine
43
What are enzymes made from?
Proteins
44
What do enzymes do
Speed up rate of reaction
45
How do they work
Lock and key mechanism
46
What are three industrial uses of enzymes
Biological detergent Baby food Fruit juice
47
What is bile, what does it do and how does it do it ?
Emulsifies fats so that it has a large surface area Liquid substance made in liver stored in gall bladder released into small intestine Neutralises stomach acid
48
Immobilising enzymes
Enzymes are expensive so to save money they can be mobilised This means they can be filtered from the product and used again
49
Why are enzymes needed to produce slimming products
Changing glucose into fructose (which is sweeter) means that less is needed to be used
50
Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes in all body cells
51
What reaction does amylase catalyse? Where does the reaction happen?
Starch ~~> glucose Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
52
What two main factors can affect the rate at which an enzyme works
Temperature | pH levels
53
What reaction does protease catalyse? And where does the reaction take place?
Proteins~~> amino acids Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
54
Why doesn't a biological detergent work well at 60 degrees ?
Passed the optimum and enzymes begin to denature
55
What is energy?
The ability to do work Each form of energy can be transferred to another
56
Why do living organisms require energy?
Building large molecules from smaller ones Muscle contraction Controlling body temperature Growth
57
DNA
Molecules are large and complex. They carry the genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living thing
58
Genes
Section of dna which codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together
59
Chromosomes
The cells nucleus contains chromosomes made from large dna molecules
60
Describe mitosis
100%- chromosomes in nucleus are copied. They line up ready for division 200%- cell division starts and chromosomes begin to separate 2x(100%)-two identical diploid daughter cells produced
61
Describe miosis
100% 46 chromosomes PARENT CELL chromosomes make identical copies of themselves 200% 46 chromosomes, similar chromosomes pair up 100% 23 chromosomes each, sections of DNA get swapped, pairs of chromosomes divide 50% 23 chromosomes each
62
Where does mitosis occur?
In all cells of the body
63
Where does meiosis occur?
Ovaries or testies
64
What are the number of the divisions in mitosis?
1
65
What are the number of the divisions in meiosis?
2
66
How many cells are created in mitosis? What are the number of chromosomes at the end?
2 cells 46 (23 pairs)
67
How many cells are created in meiosis? And what are the number of chromosomes at the end?
4 cells 23
68
Mitosis produces...
Identical daughter cells
69
Meiosis produces...
Gametes
70
What is the function of mitosis?
Repair and growth
71
What is the function of meiosis?
Production of egg and sperm cells
72
What is cystic fibrosis
Disorder of the cell membranes Sufferers produce too much mucus which clogs the lungs and digestive system Caused but a recessive allele Heathy NN Carrier Nn Sufferer nn
73
What is polydactyly?
Means having more digits Caused by a genetic disease with a dominant allele Sufferer PP, Pp Heathy pp No carriers
74
What's the method of embryo screening
Dna is isolated from embryo A gene probe that will bind onto the gene for a specific disorder is produced The probe has a fluorescent chemical attached to it The probe is added to the mixture containing the dna sample from the embryo Uv light is used to detect the probe attached to the gene for the disorder
75
What is embryo screening uses
Ivf allows to check for genetic disorder
76
What's the method for stem cells
Take a bone marrow sample or stem cell embryo and then use for research
77
What is the method for Dna fingerprinting
Collect a sample of Dna Use an enzyme to cut dna into sections Separate sample by gel electrolysis Compare bands of Dna against Unknown/known samples
78
What is speciation
Is the separate evolution of two populations of the same species to form two separate species
79
Describe speciation
``` Species || Population split || Isolation || Different environmental conditions || Independent evolution || If they were to meet again they'd no longer be able to reproduce ```
80
What is an allele
Different form of the same gene Dominant Recessive

year 10 and 11 (13 decks)

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