B5-054 Nutrition Metabolism II

Question 1

proportion of nutrient which the fraction of amount consumed that reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 1

bioavailability

Question 2

fat soluble vitamins require […] for absorption

Answer 2

micelles

Question 3

what minerals are reduced in untreated fat malabsorption?

2

Answer 3

Ca
Mg

Question 4

where is B12 absorbed?

Answer 4

ileum

ileus resection

Question 5

where is Mg absorbed?

Answer 5

distal small intestine and colon

Question 6

iron deficiency increases the absorption of

Answer 6

non-heme iron

Question 7

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 7

ADEK

Question 8

absorption is dependent on incorporation into micelles

Answer 8

fat soluble vitamins
ADEK

Question 9

[…] deficiency often looks like folate deficiency

Answer 9

B12

Question 10

what causes B12 deficiency?

Answer 10

decreased absorption ability
(achlorhydria in elderly)

Question 11

causes….

• pernicious anemia
• nerve degeneration
• parasthesia
• paralysis/death

Answer 11

B12 deficiency

Question 12

achlorhydria in eldery typically causes […] deficiency

Answer 12

B12

Question 13

intestinal transport of calcium is regulated by

Answer 13

1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

vitamin D

Question 14

Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ by […] in the lumen

Answer 14

ascorbic acid

Question 15

why is it important to monitor iron in CKD?

Answer 15

• kidney looses ability to transport erythropoietin
• need adequate iron to supply erythroid cells

Question 16

• reactions that form a variety of cellular molecules
• energy requiring

Answer 16

anabolic

Question 17

• CHO, protein, and fat oxidized to CO2 and H2O
• liberated electrons passed to O2 to make ATP

Answer 17

catabolic

Question 18

in muscle and adipose, insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose via the translocation of

Answer 18

GLUT4

Question 19

in adipose tissue, insulin increases FA uptake and TAG storage via upregulation of

Answer 19

lipoprotein lipase

Question 20

in adipose tissue, insulin decreases lipolysis by downregulation of

Answer 20

hormone sensitive lipase

Question 21

where is glucagon synthesized?

Answer 21

a cells of pancreas

Question 22

when is glucagon secreted?

Answer 22

when circulating glucose is low

sometimes alanine

Question 23

glucagon primary site of action

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

increases cAMP levels in the cell

Answer 24

glucagon

Question 25

what happens to glucose in the fed state?

Answer 25

liver takes it up and stores as glycogen or converts excess to FA

Question 26

what happens to lipids in the fed state?

Answer 26

* packaged into chylomicrons (exogenous) * packaged into VLDLs at liver (endogenous)

Question 27

what happens to amino acids in the fed state?

Answer 27

processed in liver to make glycogen, fat, or sent to muscle

Question 28

what provides the main source of glucose for the entire body in the early fasted state?

Answer 28

liver glycogen

Question 29

[...] from muscle and RBCs becomes an important source of carbons for liver GNG

Answer 29

lactate

Question 30

[...] is important to provide pyruvate for GNG

Answer 30

alanine cycle

Question 31

glycogen stores are usually depleted by hour [...] of fasting

Answer 31

24

Question 32

how does the ESRD dialysis diet differ from the CKD diet?

Answer 32

fat soluble vitamins are too big to pass through dialyzer membrane must be monitored carefully

Question 33

[...] is limited in the CKD diet

Answer 33

protein

Question 34

after fasting then consuming a large meal, the liver will replenish

Answer 34

glycogen stores

Question 35

cleaves lactose to galactose and glucose

Answer 35

lactase

Question 36

cleaves sucrose to fructose and glucose

Answer 36

sucrase

Question 37

starches are digested by

Answer 37

pancreatic a-amylases

Question 38

disaccharides | 3

Answer 38

maltose sucrose lactose

Question 39

converts glucose into pyruvate

Answer 39

glycolysis

Question 40

anaerobic respiration

Answer 40

glycolysis

Question 41

when does GNG become a major process for maintaining blood glucose?

Answer 41

18-20 hours of fasting

Question 42

liver glycogen depletes about [...] hours after fasting

Answer 42

30

Question 43

insulin stimulates glucose transport into

Answer 43

adipose and skeletal muscle