Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GIR Test 2 > B5-067 Nausea and Vomiting > Flashcards

B5-067 Nausea and Vomiting Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
  • located in medulla
  • direct contact with blood through leaky capillaries
A

chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what drugs are the most effective in treating nausea/vomiting?

A

serotonin (5-HT3) antagonists

-setron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what drug class is more effective for nausea/vomiting associated with chemotherapy?

A

NK-1 antagonists

-pitants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cytotoxic agents stimulated CTZ which releases […] to stimulate the receptors on the vomiting center

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the vestibular nuclei contain what type of receptors?

2

A

H1 and M3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what drug class is most effective in treating motion sickness?

A

H1- antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

side effects include dry mouth, decreased saliva, blurry vision, and drowsiness

A

muscarinic antagonists

Hyoscine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • inhibits 5-HT3 receptors
  • works at the level of stomach and CTZ
A

ondansetron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

used for pre-surgical nausea prophylaxis

A

hyoscine

muscarinic antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

urge to vomit

A

nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vomiting leads to an electrolyte imbalance causing

A

metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

most common causes of vomiting in adults

3

A
  • food poisoning
  • migraines
  • chemotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most common causes of vomiting in infants

5

A
  • food allergies
  • viral gastroenteritis
  • milk intolerance
  • infections
  • blockage of GI tract

mostly localized to GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GI causes of nausea and vomiting

3 general groups

A
  • mechanical/obstruction
  • motility/functional (ileus)
  • infectious/inflammatory (-itis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

non GI causes of nausea and vomiting

4 general categories

A
  • CNS
  • endocrine/metabolic
  • toxic/medication
  • other (stress, pain, anxiety, etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is causing in the following disorders leading to N/V?

  • hyperthyroidism
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • adrenal insufficiency
  • diabetes
  • pregnancy
A
  • hyperthyroidism: increased T3, T4
  • hyperparathyroidism: increased PTH, Ca++
  • adrenal insufficiency: decreased cortisol
  • diabetes: increased glucose
  • pregnancy: increased hCG, P4, E2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nausea/vomiting with a duration of 1 week or less is

A

acute

more than 1 week is chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nausea onset 1-8 hours after meal indicates

4

A
  • food poisoining
  • gastritis
  • ulcer
  • bulimia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does the “gag reflex” trigger vomiting?

A

pharyngeal stimulation -> NTS -> vomiting reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do drugs/hormones activate the vomit reflex?

A

activate gastric mucosa and/or CTZ
-> NTS -> brainstem vomiting center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does motion vertigo induce vomiting?

A

labyrinth -> cerebellum -> brainstem vomiting center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does overeating cause vomiting?

A
  1. activation of stretch receptors triggers vagus to release ACh -> ACh stimulates vomiting center
  2. increased pressure on cardiac spinchter -> opens to allow vomit out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does anxiety/stress induce vomiting?

A

adrenal gland releases catecholamines -> decreased digestive system activity -> gastroparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • “pacemaker” cells of stomach
  • generate slow waves causing phasic contractions
A

interstitial cells of Cajal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
[...] is a major cause of gastroparesis due to nerve damage
diabetes
25
what test can be used to assess gastroparesis?
gastric empyting study (nuclear scanning test)
26
how does motion sickness cause vomiting?
unfamiliar, unnatural motion stimuli -> vestibular labyrinth -> vestibular nuclei -> cerebullum -> ACh, H1 -> vomiting center
27
H1 antagonists that cause significant drowsiness | 2
dimenhydrinate diphenhydramine
28
H1 antagonists only for children 12 and over | anticholinergic
scopalamine
29
irritability tachycardia postural tremor heat intolerance
hyperthyroidism
30
how does hyperthyroidism lead to nausea/vomiting?
increased T3/T4 -> increased B adrenergic recptors -> thyrotoxic and autonomic vomiting | also increases estrogen and decreases gastric motility
31
nausea/vomiting occuring within 24 hrs of chemotherapy administration
acute
32
* nausea/vomiting occurring at least 24 hours post chemo * peaks between 48 and 72 hours
delayed
33
* nausea/vomiting that occurs withing 5 days post chemo despite optimal anti-emetic regimen * requires rescue therapy
break through
34
nausea/vomiting that occurs in subsequent chemo cycles despite max antiemetic protocol
refractory
35
nausea/vomiting triggered by sensory stimuli in association with chemotherapy
anticipatory
36
describe the acute pathway of chemotherapy induced nausea/ vomiting
chemo -> ECLs -> serotonin -> vagus -> vomiting
37
describe the delayed pathway for chemo induced nausea/vomiting
chemo -> area postrema CTZ -> vagus -> substance P -> NK-1 receptors -> vomiting
38
three drug regime given before chemo
5-HT3 antagonist dexamethasone NK-1 antagonist | steroid and NK-1 ant actually improve efficacy of 5-HT3
39
what causes migraine associated nausea/vomiting?
serotonin is released from platelets at beginning of attack
40
effective drugs for nausea and vomiting associated with migraines | 2
pizotyline amitriptyline
41
drug for treatment of delayed phase CINV
aprepitant | NK-1 antagonist
42
drug for prevention of migraine, abdominal migraine, cyclic vomiting syndrome
cyproheptadine | H1 and 5HT2 antagonist
43
5 HT3 antagonist for CINV
dolasetron
44
cannaboid drug for CINV
dronabinol
45
drug for CINV post operative induced vomiting
droperidol | D2 antagonist
46
drug for motion sickness, post op, presurgery nausea/vomiting
hyoscine | m1 antagonist
47
drug for GERD, gastroparesis | 2
cisapride (causes heart issues) metoclopramide
48
drug used for motion sickness in children
diphenhydramine | anti-histamine
49
anticholinergic for motion sickness
scopolamine | not for under 12
50
drugs that block [...] are the most effective in treating nausea/vomiting
serotonin
51
[...] drugs must be able to cross the BBB to be effective in treating vomiting | 2
anti-histamines, anti-cholinergics
52
emotion, pain, and smell can trigger vomiting through [...] receptors
muscarinic
53
[...] antagonists are good for treating motion sickness/morning sickness but their use is associated with sedation
H1
54
[...] is released in response to cytotoxic agents from the CTZ
ACh
55
describe the vomiting reflex
1. LES relaxes 2. diaphragm muscles contract and increase intra-abdominal pressure 3. epiglottis closes 4. autonomic symptoms (tachycardia, salivation, peristalsis) 5. vomiting
56
side effect of metoclopramide
GI disturbances
57
gastroparesis is a contributing factor to nausea and vomiting in which conditions? | 4
* anxiety * endocrine disorders * stress * migraines
58
what hormone responsible for morning sickness?
progesterone
59
nausea/vomiting that occurs within 5 days post chemotherapy despite optimal antiemetic therapy
breakthrough
60
nausea/vomiting occuring within 24 hrs of chemotherapy administration
acute
61
nausea/vomiting occuring at least 24 hrs post chemotherapy administration
delayed
62
nausea/vomiting that occurs in subsequent chemotherapy cycles despite maximum antiemetic protocol
refractory
63
nausea/vomiting triggered by sensory stimuli associated with chemotherapy administration
anticipatory
64
slow gastric emptying
gastroparesis
65
most common cause of vomiting in infants 3-4 months
GERD
66
what is the first component triggered in the neural pathway leading to vomiting?
higher centers of brain
67
blood, pain, and anxiety stimulate the [....] to induce vomiting
higher centers of brain
68
most effective receptor antagonists in CINV
NK-1
69
what do emetic agents stimulate to induce vomiting? | 2
GI tract or CTZ

GIR Test 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions