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BacT Lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some extracellular bacterial structures?

A 
Flagella
endoflagella/axial filament
Pili/fimbriae
Capsule
Biofilm
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2
Q

What are some intracellular bacterial structures?

A

Nuclear material
Ribosomes
Inclusion granules
Endospores

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3
Q

Flagella

A

*Locomotion/Motility
*Number and arrangement can be used for identification
Long, thin structures that extend outward from the surface of the envelope

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4
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A

only one flagellum extending from one end of the bacterium

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5
Q

Many flagella extending from one end of the bacterium

A

Lophotrichous Flagella

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6
Q

Amphitrichous Flagella

A

One flagellum extending from each of the bacterium

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7
Q

Flagella extending from many different sites on the bacterium

A

Peritrichous Flagella

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8
Q

Endoflagella/axial filaments

A

Present in periplasmic space (*inside the bacteria) of spirochettes

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9
Q

*Name two bacteria that move with the use of Endoflagella/axial filaments.

A
  • Treponema pallidum

* Leptospira

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10
Q

Pili/fimbria

A

Small thread like structures that facilitate *adherence to the host and *contribute to antigenicity. Also use to *attach bacteria to maintain themselves in a favorable environment.

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11
Q

Give an example of bacteria with Pili/fimbria

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

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12
Q

*What is conjugation?

A

Through *sex pili that allow one bacterial cell adhere to another and exchange genetic material.

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13
Q

*What may cause pili loss?

A

*Mutation in disease-causing bacteria.

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14
Q

*Will pili reestablish if lost?

A

*Nope

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15
Q

Capsule (thick glycocalix) Polysaccharide (Not present in all bacteria)

A

Protect against phagocytosis
*protect form drying out
help adhere to a surface where conditions are favorable for growth

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16
Q

Name a bacteria with a capsule.

A

Bacillus anthracis - Discovered by Sir John McFadyean

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17
Q

Biofilm

A

Microbes come together in masses cling to surfaces, produces extracellular substances and take in nutrients and biofilm
Mech used to increase virulence

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18
Q

Give an example of a biofilm

A

Dental Plaque

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19
Q

*Nucleoid

A

Nuclear region is a mass of DNA; well defined although it is not surrounded by membrane.

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20
Q

*Plasmids

A

Smaller circular DNA molecules

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis. 70S ribosomes composed of *50S and *30S subunits

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22
Q

Inclusion granules

A

Stores nutrients for times of nutrient shortage.

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23
Q

Endospores

A

A dormant form that is produced when essential nutrients are depleted in certain bacteria

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24
Q

*What protects the endospore form damage?

A

*Organic acid called Dipicolinic acid

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25
Name two examples of bacteria that develop endospores?
Clostridium tetani, Bacillus anthracis
26
What type of bacteria develop endospores?
Low G+C Gram-Postive
27
*How do bacteria reproduce?
*Binary fission
28
The time required for the number of bacteria in a culture to double is called?
*generation time (G)
29
Two common methods of measuring bacterial mass in liquid cultures.
Tubidity | Colony counting
30
*Tubidity
A measure of total bacteria (live and dead)
31
*Colony Counting
The number of viable bacteria in a culture
32
Three requirements for bacterial growth.
Sources of energy "organic" carbon Metal ions Optimal temp, pH and need or lack of need for oxygen
33
Three forms of bacterial metabolism.
Aerobic Respiration - Molecular Oxygen Anaerobic Respiration - No Molecular Oxygen Fermentation - Anaerobic or Aerobic - Facultative anaerobic bacteria
34
4 environmental factors influencing bacterial growth
Temperature Hydrogen ion Water activity Atmosphere
35
Methods used to limit microbial growth
``` Refrigeration Freezing Boiling Pasteurization Acidification Increase osmotic pressure Oxygen removal Drying Gamma irradiation Hydrostatic pressure Chemical additives ```
36
Sterilization Methods
``` Moist heat Dry heat Incineration Alcohol flame Gamma irradiation UV light Membrane filtration Cemical ```
37
Types of culture media (non selective)
Liquid (broth) Solid (Agar Media) Trypticase soy agar with blood
38
Selective media culture types
Phenylethyl Alcohol Blood Agar MacConkey Agar Hektoen Enteric Agar
39
PEA culture media is for?
Gram-Positive
40
MacConkey Agar media is for?
Gram-Negative
41
Bacterial identification methods
``` Biochemical Antigenic Phage typing Virulence typing Whole-cell fatty acid analysis Genetic analysis Protein analysis Enzyme isotyping ```
42
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF)
Measure a unique molecular fingerprint of an organism. Specifically measures highly abundant proteins that are found in all microorganisms
43
What are the only bacteria that have the Endoflagella/axial filaments?
Gram-Negative
44
*What staining is used to detect capsule on bacteria
*Simple Polychrome Methylene Blue
45
Origin of cross contamination?
Biofilms
46
What is the structure of bacteria DNA?
Chromosome *Supercoiled
47
T:F Prokaryotic ribosomes are larger than eukaryotic ribosomes.
False | Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes.
48
Bacteria in endospore form are considered?
Extraordinary Resistant: Because they are not readily killed by many antimicrobial treatments
49
*What are the three location of endospores?
*Center, terminal, sub-terminal
50
How can the locations of the endospores help?
Location of endospores is used for identification
51
*What gives endospores their resistant?
*Dipicolinic acid
52
*Pilli/Fimbriae's presence on a bacteria greatly increase?
*The bacteria's ability to attach to the host and cause disease.
53
What are some environmental stresses that would normally kill bacteria, but endosores can survive?
``` High Temp High UV Irradiation Desiccation Chemical Damage Enzymatic Destruction ```
54
T:F Bacteria endospores are a form of reproduction.
False | It is a survival technique
55
When do bacteria reproduce?
Under suitable conditions. Proper nutrients, temp, and atmosphere
56
Two daughter cells grow and divide at the same rate as parent cells is know as?
*Exponential or Logarithmic Growth Rate
57
Knowing a bacteria's generation time can help us?
Differentiate between bacteria
58
Plotting the log of turbidity or number of living cells versus time is referred to at?
The growth curve
59
What are the three phases of bacterial growth?
``` Lag Phase (adaptive) Log Phase (exponential) Stationary Phase ```
60
Draw the complete bacterial growth phase.
Refer to slide 26 of Lecture 2 BacT.
61
Which is more accurate turbidity or colony counting?
Colony Counting
62
How much growth is happening in the Lag Phase?
Very little
63
What is needed for the Log Phase to be successful?
All the nutrients required, as well as proper temperature, pH and etc.
64
Which growth phase is it when nutrients becomes depleted?
Stationary Phase
65
Oxygen required for growth
Aerobic, Microaerophilic (Req O2, High O2 is toxic), & Capnophilic (High CO2)
66
Oxygen not required or utilized for growth
Obligately Anaerobic (Death by normal atmospheric O2 concentration), Aerotolerant Anaerobe (Poor growth in O2)
67
Oxygen not required but can be utilized for growth
Facultative Anaerobe
68
Draw the Food Danger Zone Guidelines
Refer to slide 33 lecture 2 BacT

Microbiology (15 decks)

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