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BACTE LEC HOST PATHO Flashcards

1
Q

cycle of host pathogen interaction

A

Pathogens > Host susceptibility > Modes of pathogen shedding > reservoir host > routes of entry > modes of transmission> (repeat)

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2
Q

necessary for establishing methods to isolate microorganisms from patient specimens and for developing effective treatment strategies

A

host pathogen interaction

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3
Q

a person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms of infection or disease

A

Carrier

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4
Q

a single source or reservoir from which an etiologic agent responsible for an epidemic or outbreak originates

A

Common Source

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5
Q

Infection acquired in an activity or group that is not in a health care setting or environment

A

Community- associated infection

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6
Q

the number of new diseases or infected persons in a population

A

Disease Incidence

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7
Q

the percentage of diseased persons in a given population at a a particular time

A

Disease prevalence

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8
Q

a disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location

A

Endemic

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9
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals in a particular location

A

Epidemic

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10
Q

a microorganism responsible for causing infection or infectious disease

A

Etiologic Agent

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11
Q

Infections acquired as a result of a short or long term admission into a health care facility

A

health care- associated infection

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12
Q

infection acquired as a result of a medical procedure

A

Iatrogenic

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13
Q

An individual’s microbiologic environment, present in or on the human host (normal flora)

A

Microbiome

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14
Q

the means by which etiologic agents are brought in contact with the human host

A

Mode of transmission

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15
Q

the state of disease and its associated effects on the host

A

morbidity

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16
Q

the incidence of a particular disease state

A

Morbidity rate

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17
Q

Death resulting from disease

A

Mortality

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18
Q

the incidence in which a disease results in death

A

Mortality Rate

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19
Q

infection for which the etiologic agent was acquired in a hospital or long-term health care center or facility

A

Nosocomial infection

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20
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals that occurs over a relatively short period

A

Outbreak

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21
Q

an epidemic that spans the world

A

Pandemic

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22
Q

the origin of the etiologic agent or location from which it disseminates

A

reservoir

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23
Q

how to prevent Nosocomial infection

A

Handwashing

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24
Q

laboratory based characterization of etiologic agents designed to establish their relatedness to one another during a particular outbreak or epidemic

A

Strain Typing

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25
any type of epidemiologic investigation that involves data collection for characterizing circumstances surrounding the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or infection
Surveillance
26
a living entity that transmits the etiologic agent
Vector
27
a non living entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and as such is the mode transmission for that agent
Vehicle
28
transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host
direct transmission
29
transmitted to host via intervening agents
indirect transmission
30
particles that are 5-500um in size and cannot travel more than 3 feet
Respiratory Droplet
31
particles that are <5 um in size and can travel more than 3 feet
Aerosol particles
32
a human infection when microorganisms primarily infect animal populations and on occasion accidentally encounter and infect humans
zoonotic infection
33
a specific type of infection from regular interaction with animals for food production
Livestock-associated infection
34
microorganisms that are able to survive on the skin of the host without gaining access to internal tissues
Ectoparasties
35
infection caused by ectoparasites are called __________________
infestation
36
is the growth of microbiota in or a body site without the production of damage or notable symptoms
Colonization
37
defined as the associated of two organisms living together
Symbiosis
38
a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other
Mutualism
39
a relationship in which one organism benefits while there is no beneficial or harmful to the other organisms
Commensalism
40
is a relationship in which one organisms benefits at the expense of the host
Parasitism
41
microorganisms that colonize an area for months or years
Resident Microbiota
42
microorganisms that are present at a site temporarily
Transient Microbiota
43
an infection that does not normally cause disease or damage in a host but under specific conditions or opportunities causes pathology or disease
Opportunistic Infection
44
inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria
Bacteriocins
45
microenvironment hostile to potential pathogen
metabolic by-products
46
the ability of a microorganism to produce disease in an individual
PATHOGENICITY
47
the relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity
VIRULENCE
48
organisms that can establish infection with a relatively low infective dose are considered ____________ than organisms that require high numbers for infection
more virulent
49
usually measured by the numbers of microorganisms necessary to cause infection int he host
VIRULENCE
50
are substances produce by pathogenic microorganisms causing tissue and cellular damage
Toxic Factors
51
enzymes produced by bacteria that aid in the spread of infection disease
Enzymatic factors
52
also known as spreading factor
hyalurodinase
53
provides an additional protection to the bacteria
Cellular structure
54
genomic regions found in pathogenic microorganisms where virulence factors are encoded
Pathogenicity Islands
55
first step of infection and disease development
ADHERENCE
56
microbial surface structures that mediate attachment are called __________________
Adhesins
57
main adhesins in bacteria
Fimbriae/ pili and surface polysaccharides
58
a pathogen must multiply, following its attachment to host cells in order to establish and case a disease
Proliferation
59
produced by the host as a way to protect against infection
secretory antibody, lactoferrin and lysozyme
60
uses lactoferrin as a source of iron
Neisseria meninggitidis
61
a result of either preformed toxin or the disruption of the normal functioning of the intestinal cells
Tissue Damage
62
process of penetrating and growing in tissues
Invasion
63
spread of microorganisms to distant body sites
Dissemination
64
source of exotoxin
Gram positive mostly/ gram negative
65
source of endotoxin
gram negative
66
Toxin release of exotoxin
a metabolic product released by living cell
67
Toxin release of endotoxin
upon lysis of the cell
68
Genetics of Exotoxin
carried by plasmids or bacteriophages
69
Genetics of endotoxin
synthesized by bacterial chromosome
70
Chemistry of exotoxin
Simple proteins, peptides
71
Chemistry of Endotoxin
Lipid A
72
Heat Stability of Exotoxin
Destroyed rapidly at 60 deg C (except Staphylococcal enterotoxin)
73
Heat Stability of Endotoxin
Heat stable at 100 deg C for 1 hour
74
Antigenicity of exotoxin
Highly immunogenic- converted to toxoids for vaccines
75
Antigenicity of endotoxin
poorly antigenic
76
Signs and symptoms of exotoxin
Specific, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, enterotoxic
77
Signs and symptoms of endotoxin
general/ non -specific (fever, shock)
78
mode of action for exotoxin
Various
79
mode of action for endotoxin
includes TNF, IL-1, IL-6
80
toxicity of exotoxin
high
81
toxicity of endotoxin
low
82
lethal dose of exotoxin
low (1 microgram)
83
lethal dose of endotoxin
high
84
examples of exotoxin
Tetanus/ lock jaw, Botulism/ floppy baby syndrome
85
examples of endotoxin
UTI, meningococcemia sepsis
86
test to detect endotoxin in body fluids and surgical instruments
Limulus Lysate Test
87
detects gram negative endotoxin
Limulus Lysate test
88
Limulus Lysate test reagents
Blood of horseshoe crab and Limulus polyphemus
89
Limulus Lysate test principle
endotoxin make amoebocytes release lysate, causing clumping
90
a group or community of microorganisms capable of adhering to each other or to other surfaces
BIOFILM FORMATION
91
an accumulation of microorganisms embedded in a complex matrix composed of proteins, polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and other molecules
BIOFILM FORMATION
92
involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to their host
INFECTION
93
Bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and cause disease
INFECTION
94
a specific disorder that is characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, diet or environment
DISEASE
95
results when the infection produces notable changes in human physiology, specifically that cause damage to the organ system
DISEASE
96
means signs and symptoms are confined in one area
local infection
97
starts as local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body
Focal infection
98
microorganisms spread throughout the body causing infection via blood or lymph
Systemic/ Generalized infection
99
presence of bacteria int he blood (no active multiplication)
Bacteremia
100
active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
101
a condition wherein pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream and localized at different parts of the body
Pyemia
102
presence of toxins in the blood
Toxemia
103
develops rapidly and usually with a short duration
acute infection
104
clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illness in the host
Latent Infection (silent Phase)
105
an infection which progresses slowly from weeks to a period of years
Chronic infection
106
measurable indications or physical observations objective
Signs
107
indicators as described by the patient Subjective
Symptoms
108
a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with disease
Syndrome
109
time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms
incubation period
110
appearance of signs and symptoms
Prodromal Period
111
peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease
Clinical or Illness Period
112
signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host's condition improves or deteriorates possible to death
Decline period
113
period in which the surviving host is recuperating towards full recovery or chronic infection or death
Convalescent Period

2A PRELIM (31 decks)

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