PARA LAB

Question 1

Among the specimens available for parasitic
examinations, the ______ is most commonly
utilized

Answer 1

stool

Question 2

Stool samples should
be collected a ________ after the last intake of any drugs.

Answer 2

week

Question 3

drugs that leave
crystalline residues

Answer 3

1. antacids
2. anti-diarrheals
3. barium
4. bismuth
5. laxatives

Question 4

A routine stool examination
usually requires a ___________
specimen of formed stool or about __________________ of watery stool.

Answer 4

thumb-sized, 5 to 6 tablespoons

Question 5

Temporary storage of fecal samples in a refrigerator with temperature at around ______ is acceptable, but prolonged refrigeration can bring
about ____________

Answer 5

(3-5°C), desiccation

Question 6

is an all purpose fixative

Answer 6

Formalin

Question 7

A ____ concentration formalin is recommended for protozoan cysts, while a ______ concentration formalin is recommended
for helminth eggs and larvae

Answer 7

5%, 10%

Question 8

The formalin solution may be buffered with _______________ to preserve the
morphological characteristics of the organisms.

Answer 8

sodium phosphate

Question 9

is used to
preserve fresh stool in preparation for
staining the stool smears.

Answer 9

Schaudinn’s solution

Question 10

Schaudinn’s solution contains
______________ which is highly
toxic to humans.

Answer 10

mercuric chloride

Question 11

is a plastic resin which serves to adhere a stool sample onto a slide

Answer 11

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

Question 12

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is normally
incorporated into the _________________, therefore the actual fixation is done by this fixative

Answer 12

Schaudinn’s solution

Question 13

One major drawback of
PVA is the use of mercuric chloride. Some laboratory technologists have suggested replacing this compound
with ______________________

Answer 13

cupric sulfate.

Question 14

It is useful for
the fixation of intestinal protozoans,
helminth eggs, and larvae

Answer 14

Merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF)

Question 14

Merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF)
contains merthiolate (also called
thimerosal) and iodine which act as __________________, while formalin acts as the ___________________

Answer 14

staining components, preservative

Question 15

has the advantage of not
containing mercuric chloride, however, are
not as sharp after staining compared
with those fixed in PVA or Schaudinn’s
solution.

Answer 15

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin (SAF)

Question 16

It is a liquid fixative with a
long shelf-life.

Answer 16

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin (SAF)

Question 17

__________________ are generally observed
in soft or liquid stool,

Answer 17

Protozoan trophozoites

Question 18

______________________ are often
found in formed or semi-formed samples.

Answer 18

Protozoan cysts

Question 19

____________________________ can be found in any type of consistency.

Answer 19

helminth eggs and
larvae

Question 20

_______________________
suggests bleeding high up in the gastrointestinal
tract, while _________________ means bleeding
from a more distal location

Answer 20

Dark-colored blood, bright red blood

Question 21

_________________________
in soft or watery stools may possibly yield the
presence of trophozoites

Answer 21

Blood and mucus

Question 22

can reveal many
elements present in the intestinal tract aside
from parasites and normal fecal constituents

Answer 22

Microscopic examination

Question 23

Presence of ______________________ in stool may indicate inflammation

Answer 23

Polymorphonuclears (PMNs)

Question 24

Presence of ______________________ in stool may indicate an immune response to a parasitic infection

Answer 24

Eosinophils

Question 25

Presence of ______________________ in stool may indicate ulcerations or bleeding

Answer 25

Red blood cells

Question 26

are released with the disintegration of eosinophils.

Answer 26

Charcot-Leyden crystals

Question 27

Presence of ______________________ may indicate presence of hypersensitivity or parasitic infections, especially amebiasis.

Answer 27

Charcot-Leyden crystals

Question 28

This is a routine method of stool examination primarily useful in the detection of motile protozoan trophozoites.

Answer 28

Direct Fecal Smear (DFS)

Question 29

in Direct Fecal Smear (DFS) About __________ of stool is comminuted thoroughly with a drop of _____________________ and then covered with a cover slip

Answer 29

2 mg, 0.85% sodium chloride solution (NSS)

Question 30

Trophozoites can be stained to demonstrate the nuclear morphology using ______________________ solution.

Answer 30

Nair’s buffered methylene blue (BMB)

Question 31

_________________ cytoplasm will stain pale blue and the nucleus, darker blue.

Answer 31

Entamoeba

Question 32

a tool to measure cysts and ova, will be useful in specific species identification

Answer 32

Micrometry

Question 33

The technique is simple and economical, and is therefore useful in mass stool examinations. It is very good in detecting eggs with thick shells (e.g., Ascaris and Trichuris) but not eggs with thin shells (e.g., hookworm).

Answer 33

Kato Thick Smear

Question 34

in Kato Thick Smear About ____________________ of stool is placed over a glass slide and covered with cut cellophane paper soaked in a mixture of ____________________

Answer 34

50 to 60 mg, glycerine and malachite green solution

Question 35

____________ is a clearing solution and _______________ is used to give color to the cellophane in order to give a pale green background to the eggs and to minimize the brightness of the microscopic field.

Answer 35

Glycerine, malachite green

Question 36

Kato Thick Smear preparation is best examined within _________________

Answer 36

10 to 20 minutes.

Question 37

can separate protozoan cysts and helminth eggs from a larger amount of stool (usually 1 g in amount) based on differences in specific gravity

Answer 37

Concentration Techniques

Question 38

In cases of light infections, or if there is a need to recover more parasites, ____________________ procedures are recommended

Answer 38

stool concentration

Question 39

a technique where the parasite that has a higher specific gravity than the reagent will sink to the bottom of the preparation, while a parasite with a lower specific gravity will float to the surface

Answer 39

sedimentation techniques

Question 40

This technique is recommended for the recovery of Trichuris, Capillaria, and trematode eggs, especially Schistosoma.

Answer 40

Acid Ether Concentration Technique (AECT)

Question 41

This is the choice if stool material comes from animals like cats and dogs.

Answer 41

Acid Ether Concentration Technique (AECT)

Question 42

Drawbacks in the use of this technique include: loss of parasite to the plug of debris and possible destruction of protozoan cysts

Answer 42

Acid Ether Concentration Technique (AECT)

Question 43

The one of the main reagents of AECT which can dissolve albuminous material

Answer 43

40% HCl

Question 44

The one of the main reagents of AECT which can dissolve neutral fats in the stool.

Answer 44

Ether

Question 45

This technique is useful in the recovery of both helminth eggs and protozoan cysts

Answer 45

Formalin-Ether/Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique (FECT)

Question 46

The one of the main reagents of FECT is an all purpose fixative

Answer 46

10% formalin

Question 47

The one of the main reagents of FECT which can dissolve neutral fats in the stool.

Answer 47

Ether

Question 48

________ can be done with formalin-preserved and PVA-preserved stools.

Answer 48

FECT

Question 49

Sediments from _____ can be stored for a long period of time.

Answer 49

FECT

Question 50

If parasites are exposed to high specific gravity, distortion and shrinkage of ________ and _________________ may occur.

Answer 50

protozoan cysts, thin-walled nematode eggs

Question 51

two types of sedimentation procedures:

Answer 51

>Acid ether concentration technique >Formalin-ether/ ethyl acetate concentration technique

Question 52

The ideal specific gravity ranges from ______________

Answer 52

1.18 to 1.20

Question 53

The main reagent is a 33% zinc sulfate solution

Answer 53

Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) Flotation

Question 54

This makes use of a saturated table salt solution. Stools are directly mixed with the brine solution.

Answer 54

Brine Flotation

Question 55

This flotation technique is low-cost and simple but helminth eggs like hookworm and Schistosoma become badly shrunken

Answer 55

Brine Flotation

Question 56

in Brine Flotation There is no need for centrifugation since ____________ rise to the surface of the solution.

Answer 56

helminth eggs

Question 57

Brine Flotation is not useful for ____________ like Clonorchis, Opistorchis, and heterophyids because these do not float in brine solution

Answer 57

operculated eggs

Question 58

This technique is considered the best for the recovery of coccidian oocysts, mainly Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora.

Answer 58

Sheather’s Sugar Flotation

Question 59

Positive stools are mixed with moistened soil or granulated charcoal. This simulates environmental conditions in nature.

Answer 59

Copro Culture

Question 60

Copro Culture Larvae are harvested using the _________________________

Answer 60

Baermann procedure.

Question 61

This technique makes use of test tubes and filter paper strips.

Answer 61

Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method

Question 62

in Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method, ____________________ will generally move downwards against the upward capillary movement of water and can therefore be recovered from the water at the bottom of the tube

Answer 62

Filariform larvae

Question 63

in Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method, ___________________ may instead move upwards and accumulate at the upper end of the filter paper strip

Answer 63

Strongyloides larvae

Question 64

may help correlate the severity of clinical disease with the intensity of infection or worm burden

Answer 64

Egg counting procedures

Question 65

It is done to assess the efficacy of anthelminthics and the reduction of worm burden following treatment

Answer 65

Egg Counting Procedures

Question 66

This procedure uses a measured amount of stool which has been sieved through a wire mesh and pressed under cellophane paper soaked in glycerine-malachite green solution

Answer 66

Kato-Katz Method or the Cellophane Covered Thick Smear

Question 67

The procedure is useful for assessing the intensity of infection with Schistosoma and common soil-transmitted helminths like Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm

Answer 67

Kato-Katz Method or the Cellophane Covered Thick Smear

Question 68

2 types of Stool Culture Method

Answer 68

>Copro culture >Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method

Question 69

3 types of Flotation Procedures

Answer 69

>Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) Flotation > Brine Flotation > Sheather's Sugar Flotation

Question 70

2 types of Egg Counting Procedures

Answer 70

>Kato-Katz Method or the Cellophane Covered Thick Smear >Stoll Egg Count

Question 71

This technique makes use of 0.1 N NaOH and a stool displacement flask calibrated at 56 mL and 60 mL

Answer 71

Stoll Egg Count

Question 72

Kato-Katz Method can only be done on _____________________

Answer 72

fresh formed stools

Question 73

done specifically in the examination of the nuclear characteristics of amebae

Answer 73

Staining of stool specimen

Question 74

useful in the identification of the other intestinal protozoans like Balantidium and Giardia

Answer 74

Staining of stool specimen

Question 75

Staining of stool specimen Techniques available include:

Answer 75

1. Iron-Hematoxylin 2. Trichrome 3. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) 4. Chlorazol Black E

Question 76

can be used to recover eggs of Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia spp.

Answer 76

Perianal Swab

Question 77

This is done by sampling the perianal skin using a strip of cellulose tape attached onto a glass slide

Answer 77

Cellulose Tape or Scotch Tape Method