PARA ENTA Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What are the seven species of amebae
A
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Entamoeba hartmanni
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butchlii
2
Q
Intestinal ameba of pigs and monkeys, ocassionally found in humans (zoonotic)
A
Entamoeba polecki
3
Q
Ameba Trophozoites divide by:
A
Binary Fission
4
Q
Cyst-forming ameba divide by:
A
Nuclear division
5
Q
Where does the final nuclear divison of cyst-forming ameba happen?
A
Excystion in a new host
6
Q
Complete the taxonomy of the Entamoeba histolytica:Subphylum:Superclass:Class:Order:Family:Genus:
A
Sarcodina Rhizopoda Lobosea Amoebida Entamoebidae Entamoeba
7
Q
Describe the characterization of the genus Entamoeba:
A
Vesicular nucleus
Centrally (or near central) located karyosome
Varying numbers of Chromatin Granules adhering to the Nuclear membrane
8
Q
What are the Laredo Strain
A
Entamoeba histolytica
E. dispar
E. moshkovskii
9
Q
The tests that distinguish Entamoeba histolytica from the complex:
A
Isoenzyme analysis
Polymerase chain reaction
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Monoclonal antibodies typing
10
Q
This species is known to be morphologically similar to E. histolytica, but differentiated through size”Small race” of E. histolytica
A
Entamoeba hartmanni
11
Q
Entamoeba hartmanni
A
This species is known to be morphologically similar to E. histolytica, but differentiated through size”Small race” of E. histolytica
12
Q
Pseodopod-forming non-flagellated protozoan parasite
A
Entamoeba histolytica (parasite biology)
13
Q
Entamoeba histolytica (parasite biology)
A
Pseodopod-forming non-flagellated protozoan parasite
14
Q
Invasive species of the Entamoebidae:
A
Entamoeba dispar
E. moshkovskii
E. gingivalis
Entamoeba histolytica
E. hartmanni
E. polecki
E. coli
15
Q
The only species of the family to cause liver abscess
A
Entamoeba histolytica (common pathology and clinical manifestation)
16
Q
Entamoeba histolytica (common pathology and clinical manifestation)
A
The only species of the family to cause liver abscess
17
Q
What are the two stages of the life cycle of E. histolytica?
A
Infective cyst stage
Invasive (vegetative) trophozoite stage
18
Q
The main host of E. histolytica
A
Human (and occasional infection of primates)
19
Q
Resitant to gastric acidity and dessication, and can survive in a moist environment for several weeks.
A
Quadrinucleate cyst (E. histolytica)
20
Q
Infection with E. histolytica occurs due to:
A
Ingestion of mature cyst from fecally-contaminated material
21
Q
Aside from ingestion of fecally-contaminated material, what are the other modes of transmission of E. histolytica:
A
Venereal transmission through fecal-oral contactDirect colonic inoculation through contaminated enema equipment
22
Q
Where does excystation of E. histolytica cyst occurs?
A
Small or large bowel
23
Q
1 cyst: ___ trophozoite (number of excysted troph)
A
Eight
24
Q
The E. histolytica trophozoites are […] motile and possess […]
A
The E. histolytica trophozoites are highly motile and possess pseudopodia
25
Size of E. histolytica troph:
12-60 micrometer (ave. 20 micrometer)
26
Motility of E. histolytica:
Progressive and (uni)directional
27
Locomotory organelle of E. histolytica
Pseodopodia
28
Characteristics of Psedopodia of E. histolytica:
contains Hyaline Clear, glasslike EctoplasmGranular Endoplasm flows into the extrusion
29
Observed as pale, greenish, refractile bodies in the cytoplasm
Ingested red blood cells
30
Size of the E. histolytica cyst
10-20 micrometer
31
Characteristics of E. histolytica cyst:
Hyaline wall
1-4 nuclei
Rod-shaped (cigar-shaped) Chromatoidal bars
32
How mant successive nuclear division occur in the E. histolytica cyst
two
33
What are the genes that suggest E. histolytica may have had a mitochondria?
Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase
hsp60
34
Where can the functionality of the ER and Golgi body be found in the E. histolytica?
Cell surface (with secreted proteins)
35
What structure inhibits protein glycosylation in E. histolytica?
Tunicamycin
36
What are some differences in biochemical pathways from higher eukaryotes in E. histolytica?
Lack of glutathione metabolismPyrophosphate is used instead of ATP in glycolysisInability to synthesize de novo of purine nucleotides
37
End product of glucose metabolism of E. histolytica:
EthanolCO2Aerobic condition:Acetate
38
Proposed mechansim for virulence of E. histolytica:
Production of enzyme or other cytotoxic substances (which forms Amebapores)Contact-dependent cell killing (via Gal Lectin)Cytophagocytosis
39
The parasitic ameba kills mucosal cell via activation of what enzyme/protein that leads to the apoptotic death of the cells
Caspase-3
40
Susceptibility of humans to E. histolytica may be associated with what specific allele?
HLA complex
41
The differentiation of E. dispar to E. histolytica has confirmed what about the prevalence of the two?
E. dispar is higher compared to E. histolytica via PCR testing
42
A clinical manifestation of E. histolytica with the gradual onset of abdominal pain and diarrhea, with or without blood and mucus in the stools.
Amebic colitis
43
Fever is not common in E. histolytica infection, and occurs only:
1/3 of the patients
44
These demographic is susceptible to developing fulminant colitis with severe bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain.
Children
45
This clinical manifestation in E. histolytica infection is a mass-like lession with abdominal pain and history of dysentery. And it occurs ___ of intestinal infections
Ameboma
46
Ameboma can be mistaken with what other condition?
Carcinoma
47
The most common extra-intestinal form of amebiasis.
Amebic liver abscess (ALA)
48
What are the cardinal signs of ALA?
Fever
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain
49
ALA pain is localized or referred to in what location of the body?
Right shoulder?
50
The [...] is tender, especially in acute cases, and [...] is present in 50% of cases. (ALA clinical manifestations)
The liver is tender, especially in acute cases, and hepatomegaly is present in 50% of cases. (ALA clinical manifestations)
51
The onset of amebic colitis is sudden after an incubation period of?
8-10 days
52
ALA may have all the acute presentation in ____ (time), and chronic of ____ (time)
2 weeks
2 weeks
53
The most serious complication of amebic colitis is:
Perforation
Bacterial peritonitis
54
[...] occurs in 60% of fulminant colitis cases.
Colonic perforation occurs in 60% of fulminant colitis cases.
55
The most serious complication in ALA are:
Rupture into the pericardium (70% mortality)Rupture into the Spleura (15-30%)Superinfection
56
Second most common complication in ALA:
Intraperitoneal rupture (2-7.5% of cases)
57
It should be considered in cases of amebiasis with abnormal mental status.
Secondary amebic meningocephalitis (clinical manifestation and consideration)
58
Genital involvement is caused by what? (ALA and colitis)
fistulae
59
Natural or innate immunity to E. histolytica in the involves what to the amebic attachment to the underlying mucosal cells?
Mucin inhibition
60
In systemic circulation, what is the mode of immunity for trophozoites?
Complement-mediated killing
61
What are the three processes in which activated T-cells kill E. histolytica?
Directly lysing trophozoites in a contact-dependent processproducing cytokines which activate macrophage and other effector cells (neutrophils and eosinophils)Providing helper effect for B-cell antibody production
62
What are the two cytokines that enable macrophage to activate for ameboidal activity?
interferons (IFN)interleukin (IL-2)
63
What compound does macrophage release that is lethal to trophozoites?
Nitric oxide
64
What factor stimulates the release of nitric oxide in macrophage?
Tumor necrosis factor
65
What stage in E. histoylityca infection does the human subjects (and animals) show immunosuppresion?
Acute stage of amebiasis
66
The acute stage of amebiasis present these characteristics that is favorablef for amebic survival:
T-cell hyporesponsiveness
Suppressed proliferation and cytokine production
Depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity Macrophage suppression
67
What are some etiologic agent that should different shate bacilliary dysentery from amebic colitis?
Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter YersiniaEscherichia coli
68
Fever and high leukocyte-count is less common in? (comparison between bacillary and amebic)
Amebic colitis
69
Amebic colitis should be ruled out before this therapy for this condition due to the risk of developing toxic megacolon
Steroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease
70
What are the differential diagnosis for ALA:
Pyogenic liver diseaseTuberculosis of the liverHepatic carcinoma
71
Genital amebiasis should be differentiated from:
CarcinomaTuberculosisChancroid Lymphogranuloma venereum
72
The standard method for parasitologic diagnosis, especially for E. histolytica, is what?
Microscopic detection of trophozoites and cyst in stool specimens
73
How many stool specimen and days for examination of E. histolytica?
Three stool sample for every 2-3 days in 10 days
74
For detection of trophozoites of E. histolytica, what stool sample should be examined?
Fresh stool sample defacated within 30 minutes
75
What technique is used to see the motility of E. histolytica trophozoite?
Direct fecal smear (DFS) with saline solution
76
What technique or stain is used to differentiate Entamoeba spp. from white blood cells?
Saline and methylene blue
77
What technique or stain is used to differentiate E. histolytica from nonpathogenic species?
Saline and iodine
78
What feature seen in the stool is diagnostic of amebiasis?
E. histolytica trophozoites with ingested red blood cells. Charcot-leyden crystals can also be observed.
79
These concentration technique is more sensitive than DFS in detection of E. histolytica cysts
Formalin Ether/Ethyl acetate concentration test (FECT)Methiolate-Iodine-Formalin concentration test (MIFC)
80
These morphological structure are noted of E. histolytica cyst:
Size of the cystNumber of nucleiLocation and appearance of karyosomeCharacteristic appearance of chromatoid bodiesPresence of cytoplasmic features such as glycogen vacuole
81
What stool culture is more sensitive than stool microscopy?
Robinson's and Inoki medium
82
Differentiation of E. histolytica to what other Entamoeba sp. is not possible by microscopy
E. dispar (and E. moshkovskii)
83
This is the key diagnosis of ALA
Detection of antibodies in the serum
84
Why is microscopy not suitable for the diagnosis of ALA?
Aspiration is an invasive procedureTrophozoites are missed because they are located in the periphery of the abscess
85
What are the serological tests for amebic disease?
Indirect hemagglutination (IHAT)
Counter immunoeletrophoresis (CIE)
Agar gel diffusion (AGD)
Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)
Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
86
This serological test can detect amebic infection for as long as 10 years ago?
Indirect hemagglutination (IHAT)
87
Noninvasive methods that are sensitive in detecting early ALA
Ultrasound Computerized Tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
88
What are the two objectives for treatment of amebiasis?
To cure invasive disease at both intestinal and extraintestinal sitesTo eliminate passage of cysts from the intestinal lumen
89
Drug of choice for treatment of invasive amebiasis
Metronidazole
90
Drug of choice for asymptomatic cyst passers in amebiasis:
Diloxanide
91
Indicated for patient who do not respond to metronidazole and who need prompt symptomatic relief of severe pain.Also done for left lobe abscess that may rupture to the pericardium, large abscesses in danger of rupture, and multiple abscesses with a probable associated pyogenic etiology.
Percutateous drainage of liver abscess
92
What are the three species in E. histolytica complex?
E. histolytica E. disparE. moshkovskii
93
What are the two significance of the presence of commensal amebae in the stool of an individual:
They can be mistaken for the pathogenic E. histolytica It is an indication of fecal contamination of food or water
94
What are the three genera of the intestinal amebae:
EntamoebaEndolimaxIodamoeba
95
This genus has a spherical with a distinct nuclear membrane lined with chromatin granules and a small karyosome found near the center of the nucleus.
Entamoeba
96
How many nucleus is typical of the Entamoeba trophozoites?
One
97
This genus has a vesicular nucleus with a relatively large, irregularly shaped karyosome anchored to the nucleus by achromatic fibrils.
Endolimax
98
This genus is characterized by a large, chromatin-rich karyosome surrounded by a layer of achromatic globules and anchored to the nuclear membrane by achromatic fibrils.
Iodamoeba
99
All species of the commensal amebae have the following stages:Except:
TrophozoitePrecystCyst Metacystic Trophozoite;Entamoeba gingivalis
100
Commensal amebae excyst in what environment and location in the body?
Alkaline environment of the lower small intestines
101
These colonize the large intestines and live on the mucus coat covering the intestinal mucosa.
Metacystic trophozoites of commensal amebae
102
What is the division of Commensal amebae trophozoite?
Binary fission
103
Encystation of commensal amebae happens at what location of the body?
Lower colon (where colonic contents are more dehydrated)
104
This commensal amebae is morphologically similar to E. histolytica, but their DNA and ribosomal RNA is different.
E. dispar
105
First detected in sewage, and is morphologically indistinguishable from E. histolytica.
E. moshkovskii
106
This is uniquely osmotolerant and able to grow at room temperature (25-30 degrees celsius)
E. moshkovskii
107
All human isolates of E. moshkovskii belong to one group called?
Ribodeme 2
108
The appearance of this commensal amebae is relatively similar to that of E. histolytica but smaller
E. hartmanni
109
Size of trophozoite of E. hartmanni:What about cyst?
3-12 micrometer;4-10 micrometer
110
Characteristics of the mature cyst of E. hartmanni:
Quadrinucleate cystRod-shaped chromatoidal bars with rounded or squared ends
111
A commensal amebae that is cosmopolitan in distribution and is considerably more common than other human amebae:
Entamoeba coli
112
Size of Entamoeba coli trophozoite: What about cyst?
15-50 micrometer;10-35 micrometer
113
What are the characteristics of Entamoeba coli trophozoites in comparison with E. histolytica?
More vacuolated or granular endoplasm with bacteria and debris, but no red blood cells Narrower, less-differentiated ectroplasmBroader and blunter pseudopodia, for feeding than locomotionSluggish, undirected movementsthicker, irregular peripheral chromatin with a large, eccentric karyosome in the nucleus
114
Characteristics of Entamoeba coli cyst, in comparison with E. histolytica:
Larger size (10-35 micrometer)More nuclei (8-16)More granular cytoplasm Splinter-like chromatoidal bars
115
Iodine staining reveals what feature or structure in Entamoeba histolytica cyst:
Dark-staining, perinuclear masses of glycogen
116
Where is the glycogen mass of the Entamoeba coli located?
Surrounds the nucleus
117
A commensal amebae found in the intestines of pigs and monkeys, and is rarely found in humans.
Entamoeba polecki
118
Motility of E. polecki:
Sluggish (and undirectional)
119
Characteristics of E. polecki cyst:
consistently uninucleateAngular or pointed chromatoidal bars
120
In stained fecal smear of E. polecki, these strutures are prominent:
nuclear membranekaryosome
121
This commensal amebae is found in apes and monkeys and is morphologically simillar to E. polecki
Entamoeba chattoni
122
Recently, how many human infections are detected of E. chattoni?
Eight
123
This commensal amebae is found in the mouth
Entamoeba gingivalis
124
Motility of Entamoeba gingivalis:
Quick
125
Characteristics of E. gingivalis:
Numerous blunt pseudopodiaFood vacuoles contain cellular debris (mostly leukocytes) and bacteria
126
A commensal amebae occurs the same frequency of Entamoeba coli:
Endolimax nana
127
Size of E. nana trophozoites:Cyst?
5-12 micrometer;same sa trophozoite
128
Motility of E. nana:
Sluggish
129
What are the characteristics of E. nana trophozoites?
Blunt, hyaline pseudopodiaLarge, irregular karyosomeFood vacuoles has bacteria
130
How many nucleus of cyst of E. nana?
Quadrinucleate (4)
131
Identified by large, vesicular nucleus with a large, central karyosome, surrounded by acrhomatic granules
Iodamoeba butschlii
132
Size of I. butschlii trophozoite:Cyst?
9-14 micrometer (ave. 4-20 micrometer);9-10 micrometer (ave. 6-16 micrometer)
133
A commensal amebae that has no peripheral chromatin granules on the nuclear membrane:
Iodamoeba butschlii
134
Characteristics of I. butschlii cyst:
UninucleateLarge glycogen body that stains dark brown with iodine
135
'Diagnosis' of commensal amebae:
Stool examination
136
These technique and stain are useful to differentiate the species of commensal amebae:
FECT and iodine stain
137
This is the sample collection of E. gingivalis:
Swab between gums and teeth
138
Cyst are recovered in what stool?How about trophozoite?
Formed stools; Watery or semi-formed stools
139
What are the concentration techniques for commensal amebae?
FECT or Zinc Sulfate floatation
140
Who discovered E. histolytica and what time range?
Losch between 1873-1875
141
Who differentiated E. coli and what year?
Schaudinn in 1903
142
Who established the pathogenicity of E. histolytica and what year?
Walker and Sellards in 1913
143
Cyst stage of E. histolytica can survive in what condition:What about trophozoite?
2 days in 37 degrees celsius up to 60 days at 0 degrees celsius;5 hours in 37 degrees celsius up to 96 hours at 5 degrees celsius
144
Virulence factors of E. histolytica:
Gal/GalNAc lectinAmebaporesCysteine proteinase/protease
145
Bull's eye karyosome
E. histolytica
146
Blot-like karyosome
E. nana
147
Mahogany brown iodine cyst
Iodamoeba butschlii
148
Commensal ameba with "basket nuclei"
Iodamoeba butschlii
149
ADDITIONAL!!!Identified initially as an amoeba, but later became a flagellate
Dientamoeba fragilis
150
Isoenzyme marker of E. dispar that differentiate it from E. histolytica:And the antigen?
Hexokinase;Gafractose specific lectin
