Bacteria Ch 24-29 Spirochetes- Mycoplasma

Question 1

describe the microbe treponema pallidum

Answer 1

• gram negative spriochete but no LPS
• flagella in an axial filament between inner and outer membrane

Question 2

how is treponema pallidum transmitted

Answer 2

• sexual and congenital transmission in body fluids and mucous membranes
  -fragile

Question 3

what causes disease symptoms in treponema pallidum infections

Answer 3

host response

Question 4

what disease does treponema pallidum cause

Answer 4

syphilis

Question 5

what are the stages of syphilis

Answer 5

• local: hard chancre/ulcer at site of infection; infectious
  2. disseminated: rash, aches; mucous membrane lesions; infectious
  3. gummas: damage to blood vessels, eyes, CNS; insanity, not infectious

Question 6

what is primary syphilis and how long does it last

Answer 6

2-6 weeks
- chancre, which heals spontaneously, giving salse sense of relief

Question 7

how long does the asymptomatic period of spyhilis last

Answer 7

2-24 weeks

Question 8

what is secondary syphilis and how long does it last

Answer 8

-2;6 weeks
-symptoms resolve spontaneously but 25% recurrence in a year

Question 9

what percentage of primary syphilis infections go onto secondary

Answer 9

50%

Question 10

microbe persists for _____ of secondary infections with _____ exhibiting tertiary syphilis

Answer 10

2/3; 1/2

Question 11

what is tertiary syphilis

Answer 11

diffuse, chronic inflammation

Question 12

when do gummas form

Answer 12

in tertiary syphilis

Question 13

what is a gumma and where is it found

Answer 13

granuloma lesion = inflammatory mass which can perforate
- can be found on roof of mouth or any other tissues

Question 14

how is congenital syphilis preventable

Answer 14

penicilin treatment early in pregnancy

Question 15

when is syphilis highly lethal

Answer 15

• in utero
• when born without symptoms: high lethality typical of young children with facial and dental abnormailities like hutchinsons incisors or mulberry molars

Question 16

when in penicilin used to treat syphilis infections

Answer 16

in primary or secondary infections

Question 17

what is the vaccine for syphilis

Answer 17

there is none

Question 18

describe the microbe borrelia

Answer 18

gram negative spirochete

Question 19

what microbe causes lyme disease

Answer 19

borrellia burgdoreferi

Question 20

what animal hosts borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 20

ixodes scapularis tick

Question 21

when is lyme disease risk the greatest

Answer 21

in spring and summer

Question 22

what is the mode of transmission for lyme disease

Answer 22

-ticks
- reservoir: rodents, deer

Question 23

what are the symptoms of acute lyme disease

Answer 23

-local- fever

Question 24

what are the symptoms of disseminated lyme disease and when does this occur

Answer 24

• nerve paralysis with heart arrhythmia
  2-8 weeks

Question 25

what are the symptoms of chronic lyme disease and when does this occur

Answer 25

arthritis, CNS paralysis due to persistent immune response - more than 6 months

Question 26

what is the vaccine for lyme disease

Answer 26

there is none

Question 27

what is the virulence factor for borrelia spp

Answer 27

- antigenic variation - surface binding proteins

Question 28

what is the vaccine for relapsing fever

Answer 28

none

Question 29

what microbes cause relapsing fever

Answer 29

-B. recurrentis - B. miyamotoi

Question 30

what are the clincial features of borrelia spp

Answer 30

lyme disease and relapsing fever

Question 31

describe the microbe rickettsia

Answer 31

- gram negative - obligate intracellular parasite - causes vascular hemorrhages

Question 32

what are the virulence factros for rickettsia

Answer 32

- intracellular growth and rapid cell to cell spread from cell projections by actin rockets and through cell lysis

Question 33

how is rickettsia transmitted

Answer 33

-wood tick - reservoir: wild rodents

Question 34

what diseasedoes rickettsia cause

Answer 34

rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 35

what type of disease is rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 35

CTL immune disease

Question 36

describe rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 36

- rash of extremities, then trunk - hemorrhagic lesions with disseminated vascular CTL lysis of endothelial cells -> spots - dissemination to heart, kidneys -> shock and death

Question 37

what is the mortality percentage for rocky mountain spotted fever if untreated

Answer 37

20-40%

Question 38

what is the treatment for rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 38

doxycyline or fluoroquinolones

Question 39

what is the vaccine for rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 39

none

Question 40

describe the microbe chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 40

-gram negative - obligate intracellular parasite - no peptidoglycan synthesis

Question 41

what disease does chlamydia trachomatis cause

Answer 41

chlamydia

Question 42

what is the most frequent STI and what are the next 3

Answer 42

chlamydia trachomatis, then gonorrhea, AIDS and syphilis

Question 43

what causes disease manifestations in chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 43

inflammatory cytokines released from infected cells

Question 44

what are the 2 identification methods for chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 44

iodine or specific fluorescein- labeled antibodies

Question 45

what is the mechanism of action of chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 45

EB: epithelial cell adhesion to microvilli -> RB in phagosomes -> replication and division -> EB -> cell lysis/exocytosis

Question 46

what are EB and RB in chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 46

- EB: elementary body, stable, infectious - RB: reticulate body, replicating, fragile, non infectious

Question 47

describe the gonorrheal like sexual disease caused by CMI responses

Answer 47

- 8 serotypes - mucopurulent urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis - mobility by adhesion to sperm -> PID -> scarring -> ectopic pregnancy and decreased fertility

Question 48

how many serotypes are there in lymphogranuloma venereum

Answer 48

3

Question 49

how mnay serotypes are there in trachoma and what are the symptoms

Answer 49

-4 - endemic chornic eye infection, blindness - opthalmia neonatorum with conjunctivitis and pneumonia

Question 50

do you get immune protection from chlamydia infection

Answer 50

none

Question 51

what happens with reinfection of chlamydia

Answer 51

stronger CMI

Question 52

what causes walking pneumonia

Answer 52

C. pneumoniae

Question 53

what is the leading bacterial infection in the US

Answer 53

chlamydia

Question 54

describe mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 54

- non gram staining, strong membrane - no sterilization by filtration - mycoplasma species are smallest prokaryote - strict aerobe

Question 55

what are the virulence factors for mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 55

-P1 adhesin for ciliated respiratory epithelium: loss of ciliated cells: no mucus clearing from lungs - slow growth

Question 56

is there a vaccine for mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 56

no

Question 57

is there immunity after an infection from mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 57

fading protective immunity after recovery

Question 58

describe the disease caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae and the transmission

Answer 58

-atypical, mild pneumonia - the leading cause in schools, students and military - aerosol transmission in crowded conditions

Question 59

what are the available vaccines for pneumococcal pneumonia, kiebsella pneumonia, and mycoplasmal pneumonia

Answer 59

-pneumococcal pneumonia: capsular vaccine availble - kiebsella pneumonia: none -mycoplasmal pneumonia: none

Question 60

what is the simplest free living bacterium

Answer 60

mycoplasma genitalium

Question 61

what is known as walking pneumonia and why

Answer 61

mycoplasma pneumonia because it is mild and does not require hospitalization