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Microbiology > Sterilization, Disinfection and Antisepsis > Flashcards

Sterilization, Disinfection and Antisepsis Flashcards

1
Q

what is cross infection

A

transmission of infectious agents among patients and staff in a clinical environment

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2
Q

what are cross infection risks in dentistry

A
  • patients with infectious disease
  • patients in the prodromal or convalescent stage of infection
  • healthy carriers
  • environmental sources
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3
Q

what are universal precautions

A

all patients are treated as though they are a potential source of infectious pathogens

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4
Q

what are the airborne routes for spread of cross infection

A
  • dust borne routes: staphylococcus from skin scales, clostridium tetani from enivronmental dust
  • aerosol routes: large droplets, droplet nuclei, speaking, sneezing
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5
Q

what are the contact routes of cross infection

A

-person to person: direct spread by hands or clothes or fomites
- equipment: dental instruments, chairs, impression materials
- fluids: dental water supplies

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6
Q

what are the sources, ,inoculation, and prevention of parenteral spread of cross infection

A
  • blood, saliva, secretions
  • eye, skin breach, mucous membranes, sharps injury
  • training in use and disposal of sharps, Hep B vaccine, wear gloves, dress wounds
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7
Q

what is sterilization

A

destruction of all microbial forms

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8
Q

what is disinfection

A

destruction of most microbial forms

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9
Q

what are disinfectants used on

A

inanimate objects

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10
Q

what is antisepsis

A

inhibition or eliminatino of microbes on living tissue

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11
Q

what are antispetics

A

chemical agents that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms when applied to tissue

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12
Q

what is sanitization

A

reduction of microbial population to levels deemed safe

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13
Q

what do -cidal agents do

A

kill

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14
Q

what do - static agents do

A

inhibit growth

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15
Q

what is the pattern of microbial death

A
  • not killed instantly
  • population death occurs exponentially
  • microorganisms are considered to be dead when they are unable to reproduce in conditions that normally support theirreproduction
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16
Q

what are the conditions influencing the effectiveness of antimicrobial agent activity

A

-population size
- population composition
- concentration or intenstiy of an antimicrobial agent
- duration of exposure
- temperature
- local environment

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17
Q

what are the use of physical methods in control

A

-heat
- low temperatures
- filtration
- radiation

18
Q

what does moist heat do

A
  • effective against all types of microorganisms
  • degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins and disrupts membranes
19
Q

what is dry heat sterilization

A
  • less effective, requiring higher temperatures and longer exposure times
    -oxidized cell constituents and denatures proteins
20
Q

what is thermal death time

A

shortest time needed to kill all microorganims in a suspension at a specific temperature and under defined conditions

21
Q

what is decimal reduction time

A

time required to kill 90% of microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specific temperature

22
Q

what is the Z value

A

increase in temperature required to reduce D to 10% of original value

23
Q

what do autoclaves do

A
  • used to kill endospores efficiently
  • used saturated steam under pressure to reach temperature above boiling
24
Q

what is pasteurization

A

controlled heating temperature well below boiling
- reduced total microbial population and thereby increases shelf life of treated material

25
Q

what is flash pasteurization

A

-high temperature short term
- 72 degrees C for 15 seconds

26
Q

what is ultrahigh temperature sterilization

A

140- 150 degrees C for 1 to 3 seconds

27
Q

what does freezing do

A

-stops microbial reproduction due to lack of liquid water
- some microorganisms killed by ice crystal disruption of cell membranes

28
Q

what does refrigeration do

A

slows microbial growth and reproduction

29
Q

what does filtration do

A

reduced microbial population or sterilized solutions of heat sensitive materials by removing microorganisms

30
Q

what are depth filters

A

thick fibrous or granular filters that remove microorganisms by physical screening, entrapment and or adsorption

31
Q

what are membrane filters

A

porous membranes with defined pore sizes that remove microroganisms primarily by physical screening

32
Q

what are ways to filter air in the office

A

-surgical maska
- high efficiency particular air filters

33
Q

what does UV radiation do

A

limited to surface sterilization because UV radiation does not penetrate glass, dirt films, water and other substances

34
Q

what does ionizing radiation do

A
  • penetrates deep into objects
  • destroys bacterial endospores; not always effective against viruses
  • used for sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics, hormones, sutures, plastic disposable supplies and food
35
Q

what do phenolics do

A
  • used as laboratory and hospital disinfectants
  • denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
  • tuberculocidal, effective in presence of organic material and long lasting
  • disagreeable odor and can cause skin irritation
36
Q

what do alcohols do

A
  • bactericidal, fungicidal but not sporicidal
  • inactivate some viruses
  • denature proteins and possibly dissolve membrane lipids
  • 60-90% in water
37
Q

what does iodine do

A
  • skin antiseptic
  • oxidizes cell constituents and iodinates proteins
  • at high concentrations may kill spores
  • skin damage, staining, and allergies can be a problem
38
Q

what does chlorine do

A
  • oxidizes cell constituents
  • important in disinfection of water supplies and swimming pools, used in dairy and food industries, effective household disinfectant
  • destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi but not spores
  • can react with organic matter to form carcinogenic compounds
39
Q

what do heavy metals do

A

-effective but usually toxic
- combine with and inactivate proteins; may also precipitate proteins

40
Q

what do quaternary ammonium compounds do

A
  • detergents: organic molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. act as wetting agents and emulsifiers
  • cationic detergents are effective disinfectants: kill most bacteria but not M tuberculosis or endospores
41
Q

what do aldehydes do

A
  • highly reactive molecules
  • sporicidal and can be used as chemical sterilants
  • combine with and inactivate nucleic acids and proteins
42
Q

what do sterilizing gases do

A
  • used to sterilize heat sensitive materials
  • microbicidal and sporicidal
  • combine with and inactivate proteins

Microbiology (39 decks)

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