Bacteria Chapter 20 Clostridium- Bacillus

Question 1

what type of microbe is clostridium

Answer 1

• gram positive rods
• endospore forming
• obligate anaerobic
• environment (soil) and intestinal mucus

Question 2

what color do the endospores in clostridium stain

Answer 2

green

Question 3

what is the virulence factor for clostridium

Answer 3

• spore formation
• spores are resistance against destruction or sterilization
• spores are not subject to antibiotics

Question 4

what does clostridium botulinum cause

Answer 4

-botulism
- severe form of food poisoning
- paralysis

Question 5

what is wound botulism possible from

Answer 5

soil or fecal contamination

Question 6

what is infant botulism and when does it resolve

Answer 6

• occurs in 3-20 week infants without full intestinal flora
• causes muscle weakness but rarely severe and generally resolves as intestinal flora develops

Question 7

what are the virulence factors for clostridium botulinum

Answer 7

• botulinum neurotoxin blocks acetylcholine release
• flaccid muscles including respiratory paralysis -> death

Question 8

is there tissue invasion in clostridium botulinum

Answer 8

no it acts through toxins

Question 9

while spores are _____, botulinum toxin is _______

Answer 9

heat stabile, heat labile

Question 10

how long does anti toxin neutralization take

Answer 10

weeks to months

Question 11

describe the neurotoxins in clostridium botulinum

Answer 11

• proteolytic and saccharolytic

Question 12

what is another toxin effect of clostridium botulinum

Answer 12

no wrinkles and flaccid paralysis

Question 13

what are opportunities for anaerobic growth of C. tetani

Answer 13

dirty, puncture wounds like knife, bullet, tattoo

Question 14

what are the virulence factors for clostridium tetani

Answer 14

• tetanospasmin blocks GABA and glycine release -> loss of inhibitory input to motor neuron excitation -> uncontrolled muscle contraction “ spastic paralysis”
• toxin effect may be localized and one sided ; anti-toxin usually too late

Question 15

what does tetanus toxin prevent

Answer 15

muscle relaxation

Question 16

tetanus effects can be ____ or _____

Answer 16

general or localized

Question 17

what can prevent neonatal tetanus death by umbilical infection

Answer 17

passive immunization of pregnant women

Question 18

what is the vaccine for tetanus

Answer 18

DTP vaccine with tetanus toxoid
- 10 year booster vaccination is standard

Question 19

what is the only clostridium species with tissue invasion

Answer 19

clostridium perfringens

Question 20

what are the virulence factors for clostridium perfringens and what do they do

Answer 20

• alpha toxin-> membrane destruction
• omega toxin -> cytolytic toxin
• collagenase, hyaluronidase : facilitates tissue invasion from the edges of necrotizing tissues

Question 21

what causes gas gangrene of clostridium perfringens

Answer 21

• anaerobic fermentation of amino acids -> gas increase (H2 and CO2)

Question 22

what is the mortality rate for clostridium perfringens

Answer 22

40-100%

Question 23

what causes uterine gangrene

Answer 23

puerperal fever

Question 24

is there vaccine for clostridium perfringens

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what does antibody do to alpha toxin

Answer 25

fails to stop gas gangrene: amputate

Question 26

does clostridium difficile invade tissue

Answer 26

acts through toxins

Question 27

what does antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis result from

Answer 27

broad spectrum antibiotics that kill much of the other normal intestinal bacterial flora, giving resistant species like toxin producing clostridium difficile a chance to take over

Question 28

what is another name for clostridium difficile

Answer 28

-hospital diarrhea

Question 29

what are the virulence factors for clostridium difficile and what does each do

Answer 29

- toxin A: inhibits intestinal tight- junctions -> fluid leak - toxin B: rounding of epithelial cells -> fluid leak - diarrhea results from both

Question 30

what is the treatment and epidemiology for clostridium botulinum

Answer 30

- botulinum antitoxin - environment and GI tract

Question 31

what is the treatment and epidemiology for c tetani

Answer 31

- toxoid vaccination and anti-tetanus serum - environment and GI tract

Question 32

what is the treatment and epidemiology for c. perfringens

Answer 32

- surgery intervention and amputation - environment and GI tract

Question 33

what is the epidemiology for C difficile

Answer 33

- colonized intestines, genital tract - hospital environment - prior antibiotics

Question 34

describe bacillus anthracis

Answer 34

- zoonotic infection "woolsorter's disease" - gram positive rods, facultative anaerobes

Question 35

what are the virulence factors for anthrax toxins and what do each cause

Answer 35

- EF: adenylate cyclase -> cAMP increase -> edema -LF: metallo- protease -> cell death with pulmonary edema - poly- glutamic acid capsule: inhibition of phagocytosis

Question 36

what is anthrax caused by

Answer 36

when spores germinate and produce toxins

Question 37

inhalation anthrax:

Answer 37

- entry lungs, uptake by lung phagocytes - latency of 2 months or more may occur - to lymph nodes - pneumonial and meningitis type symptoms are seen - bloodstream -> powerful toxins (macrophage TNF alpha: toxic shock death in 1-2 days)

Question 38

gastrointestinal anthrax:

Answer 38

- ulcers in mouth, esophagus -> edema and sepsis - lethality if in lower intestines: 100%

Question 39

what does macrophage TNF increase cause

Answer 39

toxic shock and death

Question 40

describe skin anthrax and what is the lethality

Answer 40

- redness (inflammatory cytokines) - edema with vascular and vesicle rupture - lethality - 20%

Question 41

what is the epidemiology for bacillus anthracis

Answer 41

- animal workers - microbiological accidents - bioterrorism - contaminated meat

Question 42

what does bacillus cereus cause

Answer 42

-gastroenteritis, ocular infections, bacteremia - heat stable and heat labile toxins, necrotic toxins

Question 43

what is bacillus sp mostly resistant to

Answer 43

penicillin

Question 44

what type of microbe is bacillus

Answer 44

-gram positive rods - strict aerobes or facultative anaerobes