Bacteria- Oral Bacteria B

Question 1

what are dentoalveolar infections

Answer 1

pyogenic infections associated with the teeth and surrounding supporting structures

Question 2

endodontic infections are _________ that are _____

Answer 2

endogenous infections; opportunistic

Question 3

what bacteria are cultivated most frequently in root canal infections

Answer 3

-bacteriodes and prevotella

Question 4

what microbe is found when PCR is used

Answer 4

treponema denticola

Question 5

what microbe is found in chronic apical infection and failed root canal treatments

Answer 5

enterococcus faecilis

Question 6

what is the new species associated wth failed root canal treatments

Answer 6

actinomyces radicidentis

Question 7

what is the presentation of dentoalveolar infections

Answer 7

-abscess localized to tooth that intiated the infection
- diffuse cellulitis which spreads along fascial planes

Question 8

what are dentoalveolar abscesses caused by

Answer 8

• spread from carious lesion
• tooth fracture/wear
• through periodontal membrane and accessory root canals
• anachoresis during bacterima from extraction at different site

Question 9

what are the facultative anaerobes isolated from dentoalveolar abscesses

Answer 9

-streptococcus
- actinomyces

Question 10

what are the obligate anaerobes isolated from dentoalveolar abscesses

Answer 10

• peptostreptococcus
• porphyromas gingivalis
• prevotella
• fusobacterium nucleatum

Question 11

what is ludwigs angina

Answer 11

a spreading, bilateral infection of the sublingual and submandibular spaces
- cellulitis of the fascial spaces rather than true abscess formation

Question 12

what is the mixed endogenous infection of ludwigs angina

Answer 12

• porphyromonas
• prevotella
• fusobacterium
  -anaerobic streptococci

Question 13

what is a result of ludwigs angina

Answer 13

airway obstruction- death by asphyyxiation

Question 14

what is a periodontal abscess

Answer 14

localized collection of pus caused by acute or chronic destruction of periodontium
- endogenous, subgingival plaque bacteria

Question 15

what microbes cause periodontal abscesses

Answer 15

-porphyromonas
- prevotella
- fusobacteria
- anaerobic streptococci

Question 16

what organisms cause supprative osteomyelitis of the jaws

Answer 16

-porphyromonas
- prevotella
- fusobacteria
- anaerobic streptococci

Question 17

what is cervicofacial actinomyces and what microbe causes it

Answer 17

• endogenous, granulomatous disease
• 65% in cervicofacial region
  -actinomyces
• sulphur granules

Question 18

what are oral manifestations of syphilis

Answer 18

hutchinsons incisors, mulberry molars
- primary and secondary syphilis lesions
- gummas

Question 19

what are oral manifestations of tuberculosis

Answer 19

oral lesions in up to 5% of primary and secondary tuberculosis cases
- ulcers on palate and gingiva

Question 20

what microbe causes bacterial infection of salivary glands

Answer 20

staphylococcus

Question 21

what are diseases or situations associated with oral bacteria or their components

Answer 21

• infective endocarditis
• disseminated intravascular coagulation
• nephritis
• RA
• Behcet’s disease
• atherosclerosis
• low birth weight infants

Question 22

oral bacteria change their gene expression patterns once they enter ____

Answer 22

blood or other systemic compartments

Question 23

what have IVET promotor trapping been used for

Answer 23

to identify potential virulence associated genes for oral bacteria when they enter blood or tissue
- infective endocarditis

Question 24

what has signature tagged mutagenesis (STM) used for

Answer 24

to identify potential virulence associated genes for oral bacteria when they enter blood or other tissue
- used in streptococcus sanguis

Question 25

what happens in infective endocarditis

Answer 25

-platelets adhere to collagen exposed daamged heart valves - forms a platelet clot

Question 26

what do heat shock proteins do

Answer 26

-antibodies elicited by bacterial HSPs can cross react with human HSPs - if immune complexes are deposited in the arterial wall, joints or mucous membranes, HSP mimicry can contribute to systemic disease

Question 27

what happens in autorecognition induced by oral microorganisms

Answer 27

- streptococcus sanguis express an epitope within PAAP which is similar to the arthritogenic epitope of type II collagen

Question 28

what is the possible mechanism for the link between local dental disease and systemic pathology

Answer 28

- high levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNF alpha and IL-1beta may enter the cirulation and induce the liver to produce CRP, IL-1beta and TNF alpha

Question 29

what does the mucosal barrier in oral surfaces contain

Answer 29

toll like receptors

Question 30

what do TLRs recognize

Answer 30

PAMPs

Question 31

what does TLR2 recognize

Answer 31

petidoglycan

Question 32

what does TLR4 recognize

Answer 32

LPS, lipoteichioc acid

Question 33

what does TLR6 recognize

Answer 33

LPS

Question 34

what does TLR10 recognize

Answer 34

LPS

Question 35

what are defensins

Answer 35

-small peptides that form pores in bacterial membranes and disrupt cells -HBD-1 is the main defensin produced by epithelial cells - bacterial membranes are susceptible due to their high phospholipid content

Question 36

what is the adherent mucin layer

Answer 36

- mucins attached to mucosal surface form a selectively permeable layer - mucins are glycoproteins and carbohydrates portion form a sticky slippery gel

Question 37

what are the mucins in the oral cavity

Answer 37

MG1 and MG2

Question 38

what do commensal oral microbiota do

Answer 38

endogenous bacteria keep out new bacteria and stimulate the immune system, but they can cause disease when the balance shifts

Question 39

what is desquamination

Answer 39

compare numbers of bacteria on the buccal mucosa to the numbers in the dental plaque biofilm

Question 40

what are epithelial antibody receptors

Answer 40

microbes captured by tethered antibody are removed when desquamination occurs

Question 41

how much saliva is secreted per day

Answer 41

0.5-1.5 liters per day

Question 42

what do MG1 and MG2 do

Answer 42

aggregate and clear oral microbes via lectin-like interactions

Question 43

what is agglutinin cloely related to

Answer 43

MG2

Question 44

what are histatins

Answer 44

small proteins with fungicidal and bactericidal activites. inhibit bacterial aggregation and hemagglutination - also form pores

Question 45

what do cystatins do

Answer 45

inhibit cysteine proteases

Question 46

what does lysozyme do

Answer 46

degrades peptidoglycan by cutting bond between NAG and NAM

Question 47

what do peroxidases do

Answer 47

create peroxidation products using bacterially produced H2O2 -OSCN- inhibits growth of and acid production by MS and lactobacilli by oxidizing bacterial glycolytic enzymes

Question 48

what is humoral mucosal immunity in the mouth mediated by

Answer 48

S-IgA

Question 49

what are the mucosal lymphocytes and what do they do

Answer 49

- lamina propria lymphocytes: resting memory cells awaiting exposure, cytokine production upon rexposure - intraepithelial lymphocytes: surveillance for pathogens and removal of stressed and infected epithelial cells

Question 50

what does GCF do

Answer 50

flushes gingival crevice removing microbes and products - major source of leukocytes in oral cavity: 95% are nuetrophils

Question 51

what are components of acquired specific immunity

Answer 51

- mucosal lymphocytes -GCF - dental plaque fluid