Chapter 1- Introduction to Immune System

Question 1

define immunity

Answer 1

resistance to infectious disease

Question 2

define immune system

Answer 2

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections

Question 3

define immune response

Answer 3

coordinated reaction of the immune system to infectious microbes

Question 4

define immunology

Answer 4

study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens and damaged tissues and its role in diseasE

Question 5

What would be an implication if the role of the immune system “defense against infections” was compromised

Answer 5

deficient immunity results in increased susceptibility to infections

Question 6

what does vaccination do

Answer 6

boosts immune defenses and protects against infections

Question 7

what would be an implication if the role of the immune system “defense against tumors” was compromised

Answer 7

potential for immunotherapy of cancer

Question 8

what would be an implication if the role of the immune system “injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation” was compromised

Answer 8

immune responses are the cause of allergic, autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases

Question 9

what would be an implication if the role of the immune system “ability to recognize and respond to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins” was compromised

Answer 9

immune responses are barrier to transplantation and gene therapy

Question 10

what are the 2 divisions of the immune system

Answer 10

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Question 11

what are the components of innate immunity

Answer 11

-epithelial barriers
-mast cells
- phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
- dendritic cells
- NK cells and type 1 inferferons (IFN alpha/beta)
- complement system

Question 12

what are the components of adaptive immunity

Answer 12

• B lymphocytes
• plasma cells
• antibodies
• T lymphocytes
• effector T cells

Question 13

which part of the immune system works faster

Answer 13

innate immunity

Question 14

how fast does the innate immune response take

Answer 14

within hours

Question 15

what does the innate immune response recognized and what are they

Answer 15

• PAMPs: pathogen associated molecular patterns
• DAMPs: damage associated molecular patterns

Question 16

genes encoding receptors that recognize PAMPS are present in the ______

Answer 16

germ line

Question 17

describe PAMPs

Answer 17

• do not undergo somatic recombination or hypermutation
• no clonal expansion of cells of innate immune system in response to infection
• nonreactive to self
• no memory

Question 18

which part of the immune system is antigen specific

Answer 18

adaptive immune system

Question 19

how long does it take for the adaptive immune system to be effective

Answer 19

days to weeks

Question 20

what does the adaptive immune system recognize

Answer 20

specific epitopes on specific proteins of specific pathogens

Question 21

functional genes encoding antigen receptors are _____ present in the germ line

Answer 21

not

Question 22

what are functional antigen receptor genes generated by

Answer 22

somatic recombination and mutation of germ line genes during maturation of B cells and T cells prior to exposure to any antigens

Question 23

what does clonal selecction and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes depend on

Answer 23

exposure to specific antigens

Question 24

is the adaptive immune system reactive to intself

Answer 24

no

Question 25

which part of the immune system contributes to immunologic memory

Answer 25

adaptive

Question 26

what are the types of adaptive immunity

Answer 26

humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

Question 27

describe the process of humoral immunity

Answer 27

-B lymphocytes respond to extracellular microbes - antibody is secreted - blocks infections and eliminates extracellular microbes

Question 28

describe the process of cell mediated immunity

Answer 28

- phagocytosed microbes within macrophages - helper T lymphocyte attaches to macrophage - elimination of phagocytosed microbes OR - intracellular microbes replicate within infected cell - cytotoxic T lymphocyte kill infected cell - kills infected cells and eliminates resevoirs of infection

Question 29

what is the functional significance of specificity as a function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 29

ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific responses

Question 30

what is the functional significance of clonal expansion as a function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 30

increases number of antigen specific lymphocytes from a small number of naive lymphocytes

Question 31

describe the process of clonal selection

Answer 31

- lymphocyte clones with diverse recepors arise in lymphoid organs - clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter lymphoid tissues -antigen specific clones are activated by antigens - antigen specific immune responses occur

Question 32

what is the functional significance of memory as a function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 32

leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens

Question 33

what is the functional significance of specialization as a function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 33

generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

Question 34

what is the functional significance of contraction and homeostasis as a function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 34

allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens

Question 35

what is the functional significance of nonreactivity to self as a function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 35

prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

Question 36

what are the lymphocytes and what do they do

Answer 36

- B lymphocytes: mediators of humoral immunity - T lymphocytes: mediators of cell mediated immunity

Question 37

what are the antigen presenting cells and what are their functions

Answer 37

- dendritic cells: initiation of T cell responses - macrophages: effector phase of cell mediated immunity - follicular dendritic cells: display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses

Question 38

what are the effector cells and what are their functions

Answer 38

- T lymphocytes: activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells - macrophages: phagocytosis and killing of microbes - granulocytes: killing microbes

Question 39

what do B lymphocytes do

Answer 39

-neutralization of microbe -phagocytosis -complement activation

Question 40

what do helper T lymphocytes do

Answer 40

- activation of macrophages - inflammation - activation of T and B lymphocytes

Question 41

what do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do

Answer 41

kill infected cell

Question 42

what do regulatory T lymphocytes do

Answer 42

suppression of immune response

Question 43

where do B lymphocytes mature

Answer 43

bone marrow

Question 44

where do T lymphocytes mature

Answer 44

thymus

Question 45

where do B lymphocytes go once they mature

Answer 45

spleen and lymph nodes

Question 46

where do T lymphocytes go once they mature

Answer 46

mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue

Question 47

what do B and T lymphocytes do after activation by antigen

Answer 47

migrate towards each other and meet at the edge of the follicle. the helper T cells will interact with and help B cells differentiate into antibody producing cells

Question 48

what are the phases of the adaptive immune response

Answer 48

-clonal expansion - differentiation - elimination of antigens - apoptosis

Question 49

what is active immunity

Answer 49

- microbial anitgen by vaccine or infection enters host - has specificity and memory

Question 50

what is passive immunity

Answer 50

-administration of serum with antibodies to uninfected individual - has specificity - does not have. memory