bacteria2 Flashcards by Chris Rodarte

organisms most responsible for URT (sinusitis and otitis media)

Strep pneumoniae, Staph aureus, Haemophilius influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis

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most common cause of bacterial meningitis (except in elderly and children)

Strep pneumoniae

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primary inflammatory response blocks these…resulting in secondary overgrowth of colonizing bacteria

sinus ostia or eustachian tube

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organisms that can cause invasive disease, bacteremia, systemic disease, meningitis from URT (*all have capsule*)

Strep pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis, H. influenzae B, E. coli

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what Neisseria meningitidis patients normally die from

DIC

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most common organisms for neonates causing URT/meningitis

E coli, group B strep

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most common organisms for adolescents/young adults causing URT/meningitis

N. meningitidis

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most common organisms for people across all ages causing URT/meningitis

Strep pneumoniae

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key to pathogenesis in organisms that cause URT/meningitis

encapsulation

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must have these to fight deep invasion of encapsulated organisms into tissue

antibodies and complement

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capsule for Pneumococcus

PspC

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capsule for N. meningitidis

LPS

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capsule for N. gonorrhea

LOS

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capsule for H. influenzae type B

LPS

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URT caused by Strep pneumoniae

sinusitis and otitis media

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LRT caused by strep pneumoniae

lobar pneumonia

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most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia

Strep pneumoniae

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virulence factors for Strep pneumoniae

PspC capsule, pneumolysin, pspA (inhibits complement)

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these cause secondary asthma due to sinus infection

inflammatory mediators

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nutritional requirement for Neisseria

iron

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gram stain and metabolism for Neisseria

negative; aerobic or facultative anaerobe

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incubation period for Neisseria meningitidis

less than 1 week

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where is petechial rash located in N. meningitidis induced DIC/shock (caused by microhemorrhages in capillaries)

extremities and ear lobes

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these occur in vessles that causes ischemic necrosis in limbs of N. meningitidis DIC/shock

microthrombi

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patients lose adrenal function due to clot/bleeding into adrenal glands in DIC of N. meningitidis

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

virulence factor for N. gonorrhea...evades mucosal immunity

IgA protease

window of susceptibility for invasive H influenzae (due to being unable to make good protective Ab response to carbohydrate antigens)....solve this problem with VACCINE

3 mo-3 years

3rd most common cause of secondary bacterial infections (sinusitis and otitis media)...gram-neg, present in normal flora

Moraxella catarrhalis

gram stain and metabolism of Bordetella pertussis

negative, aerobic

vaccine to Bordetella is against this....causes local ciliary paralysis w/ secondary inflammation

exotoxin

causes necrotic, coagulative exudate and formation of pseudomembran

Corynebacterium diphtheria

most common cause of death related to Cornyebacterium diphtheria

cardiac failure

does Corynebacterium cause necrosis or inflammation?

necrosis

vaccine for pertussis for children younger than 7

DTaP

vaccine for pertussis which is intended for person 10 years and older

Tdap

Corynebacterium diphtheria inhibits this in cells...leads to necrosis (specifically in myocardium)

protein synthesis

E. coli is considered this kind of organism because it ferments lactose

coliform

what can urease from Proteus mirabilis cause?

chronic pyelonephritis (staghorn calculi)

shape and gram stain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

rod, negative (aerobic, flagellum!)

exotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that causes shock

lung infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

fulminant pneumonia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa found in walls of blood vessel causes what characteristic appearance?

blue haze

this commonly causes pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients

P. aeruginosa

necrosis caused by Legionella pneumophilia (very severe

fibrinopurulent

this organism causes intracellular infection of endothelial cells...with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate (\*perivascular cuffing\*)

Rickettsia

gram stain for Rickettsia; intracellular or extracellular?

negative; obligate intracellular

transmission for Rickettsia

arthropod (bite or contamination of abraded skin)

this may appear at inoculation site of Rickettsia transmission

eschar

diagnosis of Rickettsia infection

immunostaining or anti-rickettsial serology

primary location for rickettsia multiplication

small vessel endothelia

primary manifestations of rickettsia infection (\*due to vascular leakage secondary to endothelial cell damage\*)

rash, fever, CNS, small vessel vasculitis

this Rickettsial group lyses endothelial cells

typhus

this Rickettsial group spreads from cell to cell

spotted fever

Rickettsial infection may progress to this...

hypovolemic shock (w/ peripheral edema)

NK cells produce this in Rickettsia infection; what cells mediate immune response responsible for most of the tissue damage?

IFN-g; cytotoxic T cells

occurs as result of small vessel damage in Rickettsia infection

thrombosis and hemorrhage

these things are seen in severe cases of Rickettsia infection

hypovolemic shock, DIC, pulmonary edema

DDX for rickettsia infection

Meningococcemia, Rubeola, Rubella, Erlichiosis (and Rickettsial disease)

transmission of epidemic typhus (R. prowazekii) from human to human

head lice

responsible for epidemic typhus

R. prowazekii

characterized by centrifugal rash, followed by CNS symptoms (apathy, dullness, stupor, coma) --\> high fever, chills, cough, rash, severe muscle pain, sensitivity to light and delirium

epidemic typhus

murine typhus is similar to epidemic typhus but is transmitted via these

fleas on rodents

severe clinical presentation of epidemic typhus (mild is rash and small hemorrhages)

gangrene tips of fingers, nose, penis, scrotum, earlobes, vulva

will find cuff of these around vessels in epidemic typhus infection; what do you see in affected organs?

mononuclear inflammatory cells; ecchymotic hemorrhages

incubation period for RMSF

7 days

general findings for RMSF

fever (high for 2-3 weeks), N/V, headache, muscle pain, hemorrhagic rash (including P/S)

pattern of RMSF rash spreading

periphery to trunk

infiltrate seen in RMSF

perivascular mononuclear

see this in small vessels and arterioles in RMSF

necrosis, fibrin extravasation, thrombosis

is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema transudate or exudate?

exudate

major cause of death in RMSF

noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

will see this in severe infection of RMSF

foci necrotic skin (fingers, ears, scrotum, toes, elbows)

gram negative diplococcus, normal flora in URT, \*third most common cause of secondary bacterial infections\*

Moraxella cararrhalis

C diphtheria has this toxin that can cause damage to distant organs

exotoxin A

pleomorphic gram negative, aerobic, coccobacillus that has exotoxin that causes local ciliary paralysis

B pertussis

pertussis exotoxin causes this

ciliary paralysis

C diphtheria exotoxin causes this due to protein synthesis inhibition

fatty myocardial change, myofiber necrosis, polyneuritis

what is most common cause of death due to diphtheria?

cardiac failure (due to exotoxin)

gram negative, rod bacteria cause these 3 kinds of infections

UTI, intra-abdominal infection, nosocomial pneumonia

cause of most uncomplicated UTI in absence of obstruction

E coli

this bacteria will cause suppurative infection of abdominal cavity secondary to obstruction (cholecystitis, appendicitis, diverticulitis) or perforation/trauma

E coli

pneumonia caused by E coli in debilitated patients (dangerous for aspiration)

gram neg hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia