bacteria5

Question 1

this enteric pathogen is gram positive, sporulation, and anaerobic; large amount fermentation products and degradative enzymes

Answer 1

Clostridium

Question 2

tetanus vaccine is to this

Answer 2

toxin tetanospasmin

Question 3

what does the tetanospasmin toxin affect?

Answer 3

presynaptic inhibitory spinal interneurons

Question 4

incubation period for Clostridial gastroenteritis; when does it resolve?

Answer 4

6-24 hours; 24 hours

Question 5

what makes up pseudomembrane (caused by toxin put out by bacteria)

Answer 5

coagulation of PMNs, necrotic tissue (epithelium), fibrin

Question 6

botulism preformed neurotoxin cleaves this; what does this block?

Answer 6

synaptobrevin; Ach release (causes descending paralysis)

Question 7

incubation period for Salmonella typhi

Answer 7

10-20 days

Question 8

these are responsible for invasion in Salmonella typhi; what does this cause?

Answer 8

mononuclear phagocytes; splenomegaly and typhoid nodules

Question 9

this enteric organism can colonize the gallbladder in the carrier state

Answer 9

Salmonella typhi

Question 10

this enteric organism is comma-shaped, gram negative, flagellated; *one of most common cause of gastritis, diarrhea, and dysentery in US*

Answer 10

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 11

this enteric pathogen is associated with Guillain-Barre neuropathies

Answer 11

Campylobacter

Question 12

pathogenesis of Campylobacter enteritis (due to jejuni)

Answer 12

foul smelling stools w/ blood/exudate

Question 13

transmission of Yersinia enteritis

Answer 13

raw pork, unpasteurized milk

Question 14

this organism causes ulcerative intestinal lesions (like typhoid), microabscess and granuloma formation, deeply invasive and possibly lethal (*mostly pediatric*)

Answer 14

Yersinia entercolitico

Question 15

these enteric pathogens have rapidly acting toxins

Answer 15

Staph aureus and Bacillus cereus

Question 16

how long it takes for Staph aureus to act (more vomiting than diarrhea); how long does it take to resolve?

Answer 16

2-4 hours; 24 hours

Question 17

Bacillus cereus causes vomiting for this amount of time; and diarrhea this amount of time

Answer 17

1-5 hours, 8-15 hours

Question 18

conditions that favor growth of Clostridial organisms

Answer 18

necrotic tissue and anaerobic environments

Question 19

pathologic mechanism of Clostridial diseases

Answer 19

exotoxin (even w/o direct infection) –> absorption/distribution –> necrosis

Question 20

gangrene/necrotizing cellulitis due to Clostridial organisms is caused in part by these

Answer 20

extracellular necrotizing enzymes (phopspholipases, proteinases, poisons)

Question 21

this is characteristic in gas gangrene due to Clostridial infection

Answer 21

hemolytic destruction RBCs

Question 22

toxin A and toxin B of C. difficile are these kinds of toxins

Answer 22

enterotoxin and cytotoxin

Question 23

suppression of this is attributed to community acquired C difficile

Answer 23

gastric acid

Question 24

death from C. botulinum usually occurs from this

Answer 24

respiratory muscle paralysis

Question 25

symptoms of C. botulinum

Answer 25

CN defects (diplopia and dysphasia) and descending flaccid paralysis

Question 26

these organisms are normal flora where in body? --\> staph aureus, stap epidermidis, peptostreptococci , alpha and non-hemolytic strep, anaerobic strep, bacteroides, Candida albicans

Answer 26

mouth, nose, oropharynx

Question 27

these organisms are obligate intracellular organisms

Answer 27

viruses, chlamydiae, rickettsiae

Question 28

propagation of Staph aureus; what is immune response to infection?

Answer 28

extracellular; PMNs

Question 29

lack of PMN function makes susceptible for these organisms

Answer 29

Staph and strep

Question 30

lack of CMI makes susceptible to these organisms

Answer 30

intracellular organisms

Question 31

spore forming, gram positive, bacilli bacteria

Answer 31

Bacillus (facultative anaerobe) and Clostridium (obligate anaerobe)

Question 32

this gram positive, cocci has the ability to spread out into tissue (versus other than accumulates w/ PMNs)

Answer 32

Streptococcus

Question 33

gram stain color for gram positive

Answer 33

purple

Question 34

is Staph aureus coagulase positive or negative?

Answer 34

positive

Question 35

is Staph epidermidis coagulase positive or negative?

Answer 35

negative

Question 36

this Staph infection most commonly infects damaged tissues (less virulent)

Answer 36

Staph epidermidis

Question 37

Staph sepsis commonly affects these organs/body parts

Answer 37

valves (endocarditis), kidneys, bones, joints

Question 38

virulence factor for Staph...binds Fc portion of Ig

Answer 38

protein A

Question 39

virulence factor for Staph...gives plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance

Answer 39

penicillinase

Question 40

aka boil (seen in Staph skin infection)

Answer 40

furuncle

Question 41

aka multiple, connected boils (seen in Staph skin infection)

Answer 41

carbuncle

Question 42

this is caused by superficial leakage of protein-rich fluid that dries (and becomes crusty)

Answer 42

impetigo

Question 43

3rd most common nosocomial infection..major in burns and surgical wounds

Answer 43

Staph

Question 44

TSS toxin of Staph causes this (which leads to bad sepsis)

Answer 44

non specific activation T cells (T cell superantigen)

Question 45

3 manifestations of bacteremia from Staph infection...most common with drug use

Answer 45

acute endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis

Question 46

normal flora in skin, periurethral, and urethra --\> major cause of UTI in young women (most asymptomatic)

Answer 46

Staph saprophyticus

Question 47

examples of spreading suppurative Strep infections

Answer 47

cellulitis, impetigo, erisypelas, GABHS

Question 48

examples of post-strep hypersensitivity disease

Answer 48

rheumatic fever, immune complex glomerulonephritis

Question 49

part of group A Strep infections

Answer 49

GABHS, S pyogens

Question 50

see group B Strep infection in these patients/conditions

Answer 50

perinatal sepsis/newborns, UTI

Question 51

major cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis (due to Strep infection --\> especially after dental work)

Answer 51

viridans

Question 52

major cause of dental caries

Answer 52

Strep mutans

Question 53

Strep that are B-hemolytic (complete hemolysis)

Answer 53

pyogenes and agalactiae

Question 54

strep that are a-hemolytic (green, partial hemolysis)

Answer 54

pneumoniae and viridans

Question 55

present in many Strep subtypes...antiphagocytic

Answer 55

M protein

Question 56

group A strep primarily causes these diseases

Answer 56

acute pharyngitis/URT, scarlet fever

Question 57

severe, prolonged group A pharyngitis; febril exanthematous disorder (primary 3-15 yo) --\> erythrogenic toxin w/ violaceous red rash on trunk--\> later desquamation of skin

Answer 57

scarlet fever

Question 58

signs of post-strep glomerulonephritis (acute renal failure signs)

Answer 58

oliguria, hematuria, hypertension

Question 59

signs of acute rheumatic fever (post-strep sequelae)

Answer 59

fever, joint disease, myocarditis and endocarditis

Question 60

autoimmune reaction cross-reacts with this in rheumatic fever

Answer 60

M antigen

Question 61

titer in blood that corresponds to acute rheumatic fever

Answer 61

streptolysin O

Question 62

sign of chronic rheumatic fever

Answer 62

mitral and aortic valve stenosis (due to fibrosis from chronic inflammation)

Question 63

extensive spreading redness, swelling and pain associated with Strep skin infection

Answer 63

cellulitis and pyoderma

Question 64

\*contagious\* skin infection in kids involving horny layers of skin (superficial)

Answer 64

impetigo

Question 65

due to Strep groups a/c...middle-aged person in warm climate --\> erythematous skin involvement w/o suppuration

Answer 65

erysipelas

Question 66

\*subcutaneous\* strep infection w/ necrosis that is overtaken by anaerobes

Answer 66

necrotizing fasciitis

Question 67

type of strep that causes puerperal sepsis (perinatal)

Answer 67

group B

Question 68

what rapid strep test looks for (diagnosis of strep throat --\> GABHS)...takes 12-48 hour culture

Answer 68

group a strep carbohydrate antigen