bacterial genetics and bacterial pathogenesis Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

what are the three ways the bacteria can do horizontal gene transfer

A

transduction
conjugation
transformation

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2
Q

transformation

A

DNA is taken up directly by cells

  • competent cells
  • naturally competent (transform a lot)
  • DNA taken up is mostly linear, not plasmids or phage DNA
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3
Q

transduction

A

viruses replicate in bacteria
lytic or lysogenic phases
-occurs when bacterial genes are packaged by phage and subsequently transferred to other bacteria

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4
Q

what is a prophage

A

the phage genome once it is incorporated into bacteria genome

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5
Q

generalized transduction

A

any random bit of bacterial DNA can be excised with the prophage

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6
Q

specialized transduction

A

that phage has a specific loci and thus the phage will always have the same bit of DNA from the bacteria with it

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7
Q

conjugation

A

bacterial sex via pilus

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8
Q

transposable elements

A

DNA elements that move from one place in bacterial DNA to another

  • can transfer genes to a new location or disrupt genes when they insert
  • can carry virulence and ABX resistance genes
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9
Q

direct transposons

A

moves the transposon to a new site

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10
Q

replicative transpostions

A

transposon leaves a copy in place upon movement

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11
Q

pathogenicity islands (PAIs)

A

virulence genes compact in distinct genomic islands

  • acquired by horizontal gene transfer
  • differ in GC content from rest of bacterial chromosome
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12
Q

mutualistic symbiosis

A

host receives goods and or services while bacteria may receive goods in return
-both benefit

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13
Q

commensalism

A

bacteria benefit while host is unaffected

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14
Q

disease (pathogens)

A

due to interactions that damage the host directly or indirectly via stimulation of host inflammatory response

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15
Q

opportunists and pathobionts

A

an organism which under normal circumstances does not cause disease, but can be pathogenic under some conditions

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16
Q

as you go further down the GI tract what happens to the number of bacteria?

A

it increases

  • helps extract nutrients
  • required for proper immune system development
  • affect metabolism of some drugs
  • protects against pathogens
17
Q

coloniziation resistance

A

microbiota inhibits colonization by newcomers

  • high diversity
  • high density
  • high colonization resistance
18
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

gram positive anaerobe found in GI tract

-only causes pathogenesis following antibiotic tx that depresses the rest of the microbiota of the gut

19
Q

psuedomembranous colitis

caused by C. difficile

A

severe ulceration of the colon

  • initially associated with clindamycin, now associated with other ABX
  • can be acquired in hospital as spores
20
Q

symptoms of psuedomembranous colitis

A

use of broad spectrum ABX
diarrhea
abdominal pain
fever

21
Q

how does C. difficile survive antibiotics

A

resistance genes
biofilm formation
spore formation

22
Q

how can C. difficile be spread?

A

via spores that are excreted by infected pts

-the spores can persist in the environment and are highly resistant to commonly used disinfectants and ABX

23
Q

spore components (5) of C. difficile

A
cell membrane
thick peptidoglycan mesh
another cell membrane
wall of keratin like protein
outer layer called exosporium
24
Q

how do you get rid of spores?

A

via autoclave
121 C for 15 min
-most ABX and hand sanitizers will not kill spores

25
factors that facilitate bacterial infection and survival within a host
- outcompete commensals - attachment to host cells and tissues via -adhesins - evasion of innate and adaptive immune sys - acquisition of limiting nutrients eg: Fe, AAs - dissemination within a host and transmission to new host eg: ability to break down or cross tissue barrier)
26
how to pathogens defend against phagocytosis?
capsules
27
survival strategies within extracellular environments?
- capsules - vary surface exposed antigens - secret molecules that interfere with host defenses eg: toxins, enzymes
28
survival strategies within intracellular environments
- resistance to ROS and NO eg: superoxide dismutase, suppression of host NO synthase expression - neutralized phagolysosome contents - prevent phagolysosome fusion - escape phagolysosme
29
toxins
virulence factors excreted or not that are toxic to human or animal or plant cells
30
what are some toxin types
endotoxin super antigens action on host cell membrane A-B type toxins
31
staphylococcus aureus
1/3 of population colonized survives on skin, surfaces, environment -can cause food poisoning, bacteremia/sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, abscesses and cellulitis
32
what is Hospital acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus
HA-MRSA is when a patient gets MRSA from a staff at a hospital
33
what is community acquired MRSA
MRSA from the environment eg: daycare, wrestlers | -colonizes in the skin more than nose
34
how many death are HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA responsible for per year?
20,000
35
A/B toxins
a two component toxin
36
A subunit of A/B toxin
responsible for the enzymatic activity of the toxin
37
B subunit of A/B toxin
mediates binding to a specific receptor and transfer of the A subunit across the membrane **B subunit Breaks cell membrane