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Host and Defense > Induced Immunity: Cellular responses and Cytokines > Flashcards

Induced Immunity: Cellular responses and Cytokines Flashcards

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1
Q

Induced immunity effector functions

A 
phagocytosis
targeted killing
antimicrobial peptides
cytokine release
inflammation
cellular recruitment
B and T cell activation
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2
Q

What is the timeline for induced innate repsonse

A

hours to days

usually 4 hours to 4 days

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3
Q

What are the cells of the innate immune system

A 
monocyte which leads to Macs and Dendritic
mast cells
eosinophils
NK cell
Neutrophil
Basophil
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4
Q

what cells are already in the tissues

A

macs
dendritic cells
mast cells
Specialized T cells

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5
Q

what are 4 ways the induced immune response can be initiated

A
  • tissue resident immune cells
  • complement
  • pro-inflammatory signaling
  • interferon response and altered MHC expression
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6
Q

what are the four pro inflammatory signaling systems

A

cytokines
eicosanoids
acute phase response
interferons

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7
Q

what are the four different tissue resident Macs

A

brain: microglia
bone: osteoclast
liver: kupffer cells
skin: langerhans cells

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8
Q

what are the four effector mechanisms of macrophages

A 
phagocytosis
cytokine release
degranulation
antigen presentation 
*activate the adaptive immune system
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9
Q

innate immune cells recognize what?

A

patterns on the surface of cells

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10
Q

macrophage receptors recognize the cell-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells but not those of?

A

human cells

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11
Q

what cells recognize human cells that are infected?

A

NK cells

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12
Q

what is the purpose of Toll Like Receptors?

A

induce the release of cytokines

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13
Q

what is the purpose of mannose, complement, dectin, scavenger receptors A and B, and Lipopolysaccharaide receptors?

A

the induce phagocytosis

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14
Q

what are the 3 innate phagocytic cells

A

macs
neutrophils
dendritic cells

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15
Q

what is the process of phagocytosis

A
  • bacterium becomes attached to membrane envaginations called pseudopodia
  • bacterium ingested forming phagosome
  • phagosome fuses with lysosome
  • bacterium is killed
  • digestion products are released(PMNs) and Macs and dendritic cells present
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16
Q

agents in phagolysosomes and granules that kill pathogens

A 
acidification
toxic oxygen products
toxic nitrogen oxides
antimicrobial peptides
enzymes
competitiors
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17
Q

what are the external TLRs?

A

1,2,4,5,6

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18
Q

what are the internal TLRs?

A

3,7,8,9

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19
Q

what must TLRs do the send signal?

A

dimerize

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20
Q

what does TLR 9 recognize

A

CpG DNA bacteria

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21
Q

what does TLR 7 recognize

A

ssRNA virus

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22
Q

what does TLR 8 recognize

A

ssRNA virus

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23
Q

what does TLR 3 recognize

A

dsRNA virus

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24
Q

what does TLR 5 recognize

A

flagellin

*also only external to recognize a protein not a lipid

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25
what does TLR 4 recognize
LPS
26
what does TLR 1-2 recognize
triacyle lipopeptides
27
what does TLR 2-6 recognize
diacyle lipopeptides
28
what are the two heterodimer TLRs
TLR 1:TLR2 | TLR2: TLR6
29
TLR signals cytokine production through what?
NF-kB which is a transcription factor
30
what is the process of cytokine production through NFkB?
IRAK4->TRAF6->IKK phosphorylates inhibitor of kB which releases the inhibition of NFkB and allows cytokine production which are made in the cytoplasm and secreted via the ER
31
what do nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain NOD receptors detect?
degraded antigens
32
what is the process of activating NFkB via NOD receptors
intracellular toxins, viruses, cell stress proteins are detected to phosphorlyate inhibitor of kB to allow NFkB to be released and to make cytokines - also forms and inflammasome - cooperate with TLRs
33
what is an inflammasome?
activates and promotes cytokine release by proteolytic activity (caspase 1), enhancing other pro-inflammatory signals and is a CHECKPOINT FUNCTION
34
what are cytokines
signaling molecules of the immune system - paracrine and autocrine - other names interleukins, chemokines
35
what are the six families of cytokines based on?
receptor morphology - class I - class II - interleukin 1 - interleukin 17 - TNF - chemokines
36
what are the common intracellular signaling pathways
JAK-STAT MAPK NFkB
37
what are the five pro-inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages
``` IL-1B TNF-alpha IL-6 CXCL 8 (chemokine) IL-12 ```
38
which of the pro-inflammatory cytokines produce fever?
IL-lB, TNF-alpha, IL-6 | this decreases the replication of viruses and bacteria
39
what does IL-6 do?
induces the liver to produce acute-phase proteins
40
what are acute phase proteins?
- c reactive proteins - mannose binding lectin - LPS binding protein - complement components - coagulation factors - inflammatory response factors
41
what else do cytokines do?
initiate leukocyte recruitment and increased permeability of blood vessels
42
what three things does extravasation depend on?
chemokines, adhesion molecules and proteases(MMPs and elastase)
43
chemokines grandients recruitment of cells to tissue
immune targeting mechanisms chemokines released by target (CXCL) receptors present on immune cells (CXCR) cells respond to specific chemokines
44
leukocytes extravasate to sites of inflammation how?
chemokine receptor(CXCL8) activates LFA-1 and s-Lex on PMN to bind to endothelial cells eg: LFA-1 to ICAM-1 and s-Lex to selectin
45
what does binding of the PMN trigger?
protease release | MMPs and elastase which breaks down basement membrane and cell enters the tissue
46
what are the four steps for leukocytes to get into tissues?
rolling adhesion tight binding diapedesis migration
47
excessive plasma TNF-alpha causes what?
Septic shock syndrome
48
what leads to septic shock syndrome
``` blood borne infection systemic extravasation systemic PMN infiltration vascular collapse rapid multi-organ failure ```
49
what is the primary cell of the induced response?
- neutrophils | - mostly found in the blood and most numerous portion of leukocytes
50
what are the effector mechanisms of neutrophils?
``` phagocytosis degranulation extracellular traps cytokine release *die after they are done ```
51
what are the four types of granuels
azurophils-defensins specific gelatinase-lysozymes secretory
52
what is the dual purpose of granules in neutrophils?
phagocytosis | degranulation
53
the neutrophil oxidative burst kills what two things?
pathogen and the PMN
54
what is the non-lytic trap of PMNs
chromatin that moves through vasculature
55
what is the lytic trap of PMN
cell turns inside out and chews up pathogen
56
dendritic cells are loaded with what receptors? and what do they do?
PRR and TLRs - phagocytosis - process pathogens into antigens - present antigens to lymphocytes - cytokine regulation * basically a big vaccum
57
NK cells
large cytotoxic lymphocytes - target and kill diseased self cells - respond to interferons, MHC I and stress ligands - regulate shift from induced innate to adaptive immune system - selected for self and non self cells (educated) based on MHC I
58
what type of infections causes the interferon response?
viral infections
59
what do interferon alpha and beta do?
- activate NK cells - induce resistance to viral replication - increase NK cell ligand expression on infected cell
60
NFkB causes the release of
interferons and cytokines
61
what TLRs induce interferons
TLR 3 and 7
62
interferons do what?
reduce viral replication prevent cell division induce apoptosis activate NK cells, Mac, and T cells
63
interferons signal in what type of fashion?
autocrine and paracrine
64
interferons activate what type of cells?
mostly NK cells and then macs and T cells
65
what is the relationship between macs and NK cells in terms of mac phagocytosis?
sometimes macs need extra signaling to complete phagocytosis - macs release CXCL8 and IL-12 which brings the NK cell to form a synapse. - NK cells proliferate and secrete IFN-gamma - IFN gamma binds to mac and activates the mac to increase phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines
66
if there is a large NK response what happens to the dendritic cell?
the presentation of antigen is inhibited thus regulating the adaptive immune response
67
if there is a small NK response what happens to the dendritic cells?
they are activated and they go and activate the adaptive immune response
68
granulocytes protect local tissues how?
express PRRs and degranulate when activated - cell-type specific granule components - respond to parasitic organisms - responsible for type I hypersensitivity
69
what are the effector mechanisms that innate immune cells employ?
phagocytosis degranulation cytokine production traps (PMNs only)
70
what do dendritic cells and macs do that PMNs don't?
antigen presentation
71
what do NK cells do that macs and PMNs don't do?
directly target self cells

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